Gallbladder Symptoms After Surgery

Gallbladder Symptoms After Surgery

Gallbladder surgery is the removal of the gallbladder. This is commonly done when a patient suffers from gallstones, inflammation or infection of the gallbladder. People who have had their gallbladder removed can live a normal life, but they must be more careful about what they eat. Symptoms that present after gallbladder surgery can vary from pain at the incision site to bloating, nausea and vomiting, as well as symptoms from rare but more serious complications, such as internal bleeding.

The surgery

There are two ways to perform gallbladder surgery. The first is the traditional way, where a large incision is made under the right side of the rib cage. The gallbladder is then cut loose and removed through that opening. It takes between one and two hours, and the hospital stay averages between two to five days. The second way of performing the surgery is through theuse of laparoscopic tools. Four very small incisions are made in the body: One below the belly button, two in the abdomen and one below the ribs. A tiny light is inserted through one opening, and tiny remote controlled surgical tools are inserted through the rest. A surgeon uses these tools to remove the gallbladder. The operation takes between one to two hours and can even be done on an outpatient basis.

Common Symptoms

After the surgery, many people have ongoing symptoms, such as pain in the abdomen, as well as bloating and gas. Diarrhea is also common and can last for weeks. Most people also suffer from pain in the abdomen and shoulder that is a result of the gas used to inflate the chest cavity (used in both types of surgeries). This pain usually lasts from one to four days but can last for up to one week. In addition, the muscles might ache as a side effect from the anesthesia, and you may have some nausea as well.

Rare symptoms

Sometimes, there are rare complications during gallbladder surgery. If you have severe pain in your abdomen after the surgery, this could be a sign that some gallstones have leaked or been pushed into the bile duct or abdominal cavity. In addition, if you develop a sudden high fever, this could be an indication that there was an injury to the liver, common bile duct or an infection at the incision site. Such symptoms should cause you to seek out medical treatment immediately.

Prevention/Solution

Even if your gallbladder is removed, problems with your bile can still occur. Production can slow down, producing thick, sluggish bile, or it can speed up, causing you to have to run for the restroom shortly after every meal. To prevent such concerns, eat a well-balanced diet of fruits and vegetables, and avoid fatty foods and caffeine and alcohol, all of which are known to trigger more production of bile in the liver.

Considerations

There is some controversy whether or not complete removal of the gallbladder is necessary in some cases, such as when the issue is polyps, which do not create symptoms, or small gallstones that can be managed with a proper diet. Some doctors believe that the surgery is over-performed, and that patients should be taught the proper care of their gallbladder rather than simply removing it.

Tags: gallbladder surgery, Symptoms After, between hours, bile duct, from pain, gallbladder removed

Clean Rain Barrels

A rain barrel is an asset that must be cleaned once a year.

A rain barrel saves money by conserving water. In regions of low rainfall or drought, a backup source of water can make the difference between a healthy garden and a sickly one. Watering with stale or algae-laden water will not harm plants, but stagnant water can breed insects and bacteria, as well as give off an offensive odor. Cleaning your rain barrel once a year removes odors and algae. The water also will give you a backup supply for toilet flushing and dish washing should your normal water supply be interrupted. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Open the tap or spigot on the outside of the barrel to drain it.

While draining, remove leaves or debris that are clogging the tap or have accumulated in the bottom of the barrel.

Close the tap once the barrel is drained.

2. Mix 3/4 cup of chlorine bleach and a gallon of water in the bucket or watering can. Pour the water and chlorine mixture into the barrel, coating the inside walls.

Wearing protective goggles, hose the inside of the barrel thoroughly. Open the tap to empty the barrel and save the diluted solution.

3. Brush some of the the saved water-and-bleach solution on the outside of the barrel. Rinse the outside and let dry. Close the tap on the barrel. Both the inside and outside of the barrel are now cleaned and sterilized.

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Homemade Organic Herbicide

Homemade Organic Herbicide

Using organic herbicides to control weeds makes good sense environmentally, and using homemade organic herbicides makes good sense economically. When it comes to battling weeds organically, creativity and persistence are equally important. Weed control can be effectively accomplished with substances and tools that you probably have at home or that you can easily buy at low cost. Does this Spark an idea?

Vinegar

One of the most powerful post-emergent organic herbicides is vinegar. The stronger the acidity of your vinegar, the more effective its herbicidal effect. Vinegar from the grocery store can be at 10 percent or higher, or horticultural vinegar with an acidity of 20 percent, can be used without dilution as non-selective herbicides.

One gallon of straight vinegar can be mixed with one ounce of orange oil and liquid soap to provide a more powerful punch. In "Texas Gardening the Natural Way," Howard Garrett recommends spraying vinegar and vinegar-based products during hot or warm weather for the best effect.

Borax

The folklore surrounding borax's use as an homemade organic herbicide for ground ivy is scientifically based, according to research published by the Iowa State University Cooperative Extension Service. To treat 1,000 square feet of lawn, Iowa State University recommends using 10 ounces of borax dissolved in 4 ounces of water, then diluted in 2.5 gallons of water. Spray ground ivy liberally, avoiding lawn and ornamental plants wherever possible.

High-Pressure Water

Water is an effective herbicide when it is sprayed at high pressure to physically destroy weeds from garden paths and driveways. Regular pressure-washing of weeds in those locations will shred the foliage from the stems and roots, and eventually the plants will die.

Allelopathy

If you are an organic gardener, you probably use cover crops to enhance your soil's health. According to "The Henry Doubleday Research Association Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening," allelopathy is the practice of using certain plants that produce toxic substances to inhibit the growth of other plants. Buckwheat and grazing rye are two cover crops that, when tilled into the soil as green manure, release a chemical as they decompose that inhibits the germination of small seeds.

An added advantage of using cover crops in that way is that they provide organic matter as they decompose. It is also safe to plant young plants into soils where allelopathic matter is decomposing, using the foliage as a weed-suppressing mulch.

Mulches or Covers

A powerful weapon in an organic gardener's arsenal against weeds is the ability to exclude sunlight from the soil around garden plants. Use black plastic garbage bags, tarps or mulches of lawn clippings, straw or chipped bark to suppress weeds in gardens and around plants (organic mulches such as wood chips and pine straw can affect the pH of the soil, however, so use in moderation).

Tags: cover crops, organic herbicides, cover crops that, crops that, good sense, Homemade Organic, homemade organic

Catnip For Roach Control

Roaches are attracted to dirt and filth, but they can come from neighbors or through something you bring into your home.

Catnip contains nepetalactone, which has been shown to repel some roaches when used around the house. The advantage to using catnip is that it isn't dangerous to kids or pets. Does this Spark an idea?

Types

Two forms of catnip repel cockroaches in your home. One is a liquid form that you can spray onto affected areas and the other is a dried form, such as catnip pouches. Make your own by filling small satchels with the dried catnip.

Use

The website Eartheasy suggests brewing fresh catnip with water on the stove and letting the catnip steep in the water. Use the cooled mixture to spray cabinets and baseboards of your home to repel roaches. Sprinkle dried catnip in cabinets or place satchels of catnip in the cupboards.

Considerations

It's not guaranteed that dried catnip will repel cockroaches from your house, according to CBSNews.com. The site reports that researchers discovered catnip repels German roaches, but hadn't tested the catnip on common American roaches.

Tags: dried catnip, your home, repel cockroaches

Make A Self Watering Plant Container

Use can help green the environment with self watering plant container.

Self watering plant containers are a brilliant gardening innovation. Not only do they save gardeners time and effort, but they save water as well. By reducing the amount of wasted water from over watering, and preventing evaporation they are an excellent tool for the drought bound or water conscious gardener. Unfortunately, they can be quite expensive, and are often made of environmentally damaging petrochemical products. There is a way of making self watering plant containers from mostly recycled materials from your home though. They are so easy, that I make them with my kids for their plants. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Make sure your empty soda bottle is well cleaned and dry. Take your sharp knife or scissors and cut the top off the bottle, just below where the bottle stops sloping.

2. Take your hot wire and make a small hole in the bottle lid. It should be around the same size as your string. If you make it too large you won't be able to secure your string, too small and it won't pass through.

3. Take the string and pass it through the hole you made in the lid. Tie a knot on the underside, or inside, of the lid to secure the string in place. Place the bottle lid back on the part of the bottle you cut off.

4. Place the lid back on the top section of bottle. Now place it inverted in the bottom of the bottle. All that is left to do is to fill the top half with your preferred potting soil, plant your plants and water them.

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Catnip As A Roach Repellent

Remove cockroaches from the home with catnip.

Cockroaches typically do not present health risks to humans but their appearance is offensive to many and they can sometimes transmit diseases and present sanitary risks. Regardless of the reason, many homeowners choose to remove cockroaches and many wish to do so without the use of potentially toxic insecticides inside the home. Luckily, there are several non-chemical control methods for removing a cockroach infestation from the home, such as simply growing catnip. Does this Spark an idea?

Catnip

Catnip (Nepata cataria) is a perennial herb and a close relative of mint. Nearly 80 percent of the flowering tops of catnip blooms is made up of nepatalactone, a chemical that has an almost narcotic effect on cats. Growing catnip to give to cats is likely the most well-known use for catnip plants but recent research by Chris Peterson and Joel Coats at Iowa State University suggests another important and convenient household use for catnip.

As Roach Repellent

Coates and Peterson's research indicates that nepatalactone is also a powerful insect repellent and that growing catnip around your home can effectively ward off cockroaches. Nepatalactone, when extracted from catnip plants, is up to 100 times more effective as a roach repellent than DEET, the chemical basis for many roach repellents and insecticides on the market today. A Virginia Tech. University fact sheet on catnip also notes that catnip contains other compounds that repel insects apart from nepatalactone, such as citronellal, geraniol, citral, carvacrol and pulegone.

Caution

Research into the effectiveness of catnip as a roach repellent is still in its early stages, at time of publication. Peterson and Coates boiled catnip leaves to extract the nepatalactone rather than studying if the plants in unadulterated form can repel roaches. Additionally, Peterson and Coates only studied nepatalactone effects on small, brown German cockroaches rather than the American cockroaches that invade so many American homes.

Importance of Repelling

As noted above, cockroaches rarely present health risks to humans but scientists believe that one possible cause for rising rates of childhood asthma in urban areas is an allergic reaction to cockroach excrement. There are many reasons why is it smart to remove a cockroach infestation from the home, but for those households with asthmatic children, cockroach removal is much more serious an issue. Consider growing catnip in conjunction with other natural and preventative cockroach repellent methods.

Tags: from home, catnip plants, cockroach infestation, cockroach infestation from, growing catnip, health risks, health risks humans

Garlic For Tick Control In The Yard

Garlic emits a displeasing odor that repels ticks.

During warmer months, tick and flea infestations on pets are quite common. When ticks aren't feeding off pets, they are rapidly multiplying in moist areas of the yard. While some homeowners use toxic chemicals to repel and kill ticks, others use organic methods. One such natural product that is readily available and affordable is garlic. Does this Spark an idea?

Using Garlic

A member of the Allium genus, garlic has been valued since ancient times for its antibiotic properties. It contains hundreds of minerals, amino acids, vitamins and enzymes that deoxidize and help heal ailments. Garlic is also used to repel ticks. The smell and taste of garlic is disliked by ticks. Apart from ticks, garlic also repels and kills flies, mites, fleas and mosquitoes in the yard.

Homemade Garlic Spray

Garlic spray is easy to prepare at home. Use to peeler to peel 3 garlic bulbs. Pulverize the garlic bulbs by blending them thoroughly. Through a sieve, pour the pulverized garlic and strain the juice into a cup. For every 1/4 cup of garlic juice, mix 1 cup of water. Pour the liquid into a sprayer and use it to coat all areas of the yard.

Garlic Treatment

Garlic is an effective antibacterial and antiseptic solution that is harsh on ticks. Mist the garlic solution on the yard and coat the lawn completely. Once the tick invasion begins, repeat the garlic treatment once every four days for about seven weeks. The garlic spray not only repels ticks, it suffocates and kills adults and their eggs. Mix garlic in the pet's diet regularly to provide additional vitamin B. The garlic smell emitted by the pet's skin is disliked by ticks.

Caution

Do not spray excess garlic on the lawn, since it sometimes causes bare batches and burnt grass. Also avoid spraying garlic directly on plants, flowers and leaves. Add garlic in small quantities to the pet's diet, as many animals do not like the smell of garlic in food.

Tags: areas yard, disliked ticks, garlic bulbs, repels ticks

Use Cedar Oil As An Insect Repellent

Use Cedar Oil as an Insect Repellent

Cedar oil, which is extracted from the bark of cedar trees, is a safe and natural insect repellent that is particularly effective against fleas. By mixing pure cedar oil with other types of natural oils, such as citronella and lemongrass oil, you can repel mosquitoes as well.

Instructions

1. Purchase pure cedar oil to use as an insect repellent throughout your home. When diluted with rubbing alcohol or distilled water, and poured into a spray bottle, cedar oil can be applied on carpeting, furniture and anywhere you might find flea activity. Cedar oil in spray bottles can usually be found at your local pet store.

2. Mix cedar oil with lemongrass or citronella oil to create an insect repellent that will work equally on mosquitoes and fleas throughout your home. You can use a mixture of these oils to double the duration of the repellent, since each oil used independently can lose its potency after just 1 to 2 hours.

3. Add a few drops of cedar oil to your pet's shampoo for a natural way to combat fleas and other parasites from spreading in your home. Cedar oil, when used in moderation, is a very safe and natural way to keep insects away from your pets, and to hide odors as well. You can also place a few drops of cedar oil underneath the cushions of your pet's bed for extra protection against fleas and mosquitoes.

4. Use your spray bottle of cedar oil to apply the solution on your clothing just before you go outside. While diluted cedar oil is generally safe to use on most fabrics, you may want to test a small area of clothing first to find out whether the cedar oil will cause a stain. Squirting a drop or two into pockets might be effective as well.

5. Ensure that cedar oil doesn't get into your mouth, eyes or nose when you apply it as an insect repellent, and use caution when applying cedar oil on small children, who may be tempted to taste or lick the aromatic substance. While cedar oil is generally safe to use externally, internal consumption could cause illness.

Tags: insect repellent, your home, against fleas, bottle cedar, cedar generally

Put Up A Civil War Frame Tent

During the Civil War, A-frame tents, referred to as "dog tents" by the soldiers, were issued to every Union soldier upon enlistment. Confederate soldiers did not receive this type of tent and coveted them, often looting them when they raided Union camps. The frame tent is a simple design, two rectangular pieces of white canvas buttoned together and draped over a simple frame. They were designed to sleep up to five men, but only comfortably accommodated two to three with gear. Although this style of tent was issued by the military, it was also available to civilians before and during the war. One person can easily put up a frame tent.

Instructions

1. Secure the two forked sticks, fork side up, into the ground. The distance between the two should be equal to the width of the canvas.

2. Rest the third stick between the forks of the other two sticks. Ensure that the finished frame is secure.

3. Button the pieces of canvas together and drape them over the frame. There should be an equal amount of canvas on each side.

4. Tie each of the four corners to a stake. If it suits you, use additional stakes along the edges for extra stability. During the Civil War, soldiers often secured the corners to their rifles or fence posts. The tent is now ready for sleeping.

5. Turn the tent into a daytime awning by removing the stakes along one side and either folding it over so it is doubled up on the opposite side of the tent or unbuttoning one side and removing it. If you unbutton it, you'll have to temporarily secure the canvas to the frame with rope.

Tags: During Civil, frame tent, should equal, stakes along

Cure Red Ants

Red ants excrete a toxin in their bite that causes irritation.

Red ants, commonly known as fire ants, are a species of ant that have a toxin in their pincers that can infect other animals or insects with their bite. The red ants live in colonies that range from several hundred to several thousand individual ants. It is important to address red ant bites when they occur to minimize the chance and effect of irritation. Getting rid of a colony that is close to a home or populated area is also a good way to minimize the chance of bites. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Wash the area of a red ant bite as soon as it occurs. Use warm water and soap to disinfect the area quickly to halt the spread of toxins. Apply antihistamine cream to the area if burning or stinging continues. Ice the area of the bite if bumps or pustules appear.

2. Destroy the red ant colony to prevent future bites. Start by spreading red ant killing chemical granules to kill individual ants. Scoop out the granules and spread them around the area with the ants, making sure not to touch the granules with bare hands.

3. Identify and locate the red ant colony/hill. This area will have the highest concentration of ants and will have ants running in and out of it. Boil a large pot of water and carry the pot carefully out to the colony. Slowly pour the hot boiled water over the colony and let the water wash it away.

Tags: area bite, individual ants, minimize chance, their bite, toxin their, will have

Check If Your Car'S Thermostat Is Working

We've all been there before. The car is overheating, but you do not know what the problem is. While many people dive in, assuming the worse and replace every part under the hood, one small inexpensive part is often to blame, particularly in older cars. Liquid-cooled engines have a thermostat that keeps coolant out of the engine while it heats up and allows coolant in once it gets hot. If the thermostat is not working, or failed shut, coolant will not flow freely into the engine and the engine will heat up and eventually seize. By simulating the engine/coolant heating up outside the engine you can tell if the thermostat is to blame for your problems.

Instructions

Checking if Your Car's Thermostat is Working

1. Pop the hood and locate the thermostat of your vehicle. The thermostat is generally located inside a hose between the radiator and the engine. It is round and about two inches in diameter.

2. Using the socket set, unbolt the thermostat and remove it from the vehicle.

3. Place the thermostat in a pot of water and begin to heat it. Most thermostats are set to operate at just below boiling. As the water heats watch the thermostat closely. Just before the water begins to boil a working thermostat will open, as if to allow coolant into the engine. A jammed or failed thermostat will not open.

4. Replace the part if the thermostat does not open. If it does open, place it back in your car--you have a more serious problem and should take it to a mechanic.

Tags: does open, into engine, thermostat will, thermostat will open, will open, Your Thermostat, Your Thermostat Working

Components Of Insecticide

Insecticides help control insect populations

Insecticides are designed to kill or reduce numbers of insects in agricultural lands, gardens or households---any place where there is an overabundance of insects that can cause damage to produce or humans. The components of most insecticides are synthetically manufactured chemicals. This makes them both extremely effective and extremely dangerous if improperly used. Does this Spark an idea?

Organochlorine Insecticides

The organochlorine insecticides include one of the most famous insecticides, DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). Although this insecticide helped in controlling malaria outbreaks by killing off mosquitos, its harmful side effects on wildlife and humans saw it banned from the United States and 25 other countries: DDT use has been linked to cancer, birth defects and nervous system failure. Organochlorine is also found in the following chemical insecticides: p,p isomer; o,p isomer, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD). Organochlorine works on the nerve cells of insects killing them effectively within minutes.

Organophosphate Insecticides

Organophosphates are made of phosphoric acid and unbalance the nervous system of insects that are exposed to them. This insecticide effectively damages the internal enzyme in an insect called acetylcholinesterase---either killing the insect outright or paralyzing it so that it dies off after some time. Despite their known effectiveness as insecticidea, organophosphates are dangerous to humans as well as other animals.

Carbamate Insecticides

Carbamate insecticides are made from carbamic acid. This component kills insects in the same method as organophosphate insecticides, yet is active for a shorter period of time, reducing its toxic side effects. Carbamate harms the cholinesterase enzymes and affects nerve impulse transmission in insects. According to the Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS) of UF/IFAS Extension, carbamate is widely used in homes, gardens and different agricultural lands to control insect populations.

Pyrethroid Insecticides

Pyrethroids are synthetic pyrethrum flowers. They are less toxic in nature when compared to other insecticides. Due to the reduced toxicity, they are safe to use for killing fleas and ticks on pets and other domestic animals. Pyrethroids are known to limit the body functions of insects, therefore paralyzing them rather than killing them outright.

Neonicotinoid Insecticides

Neonicotinoids are synthetic substitutes to nicotine, the latter being is used as a natural solution to kill insects. Neonicotinoids are found in sprays, seeds and soil treatments in order to inhibit the movement of the insect before eventually killing it. Neonicotinoids are soluble in water and can be sprayed on crops and easily washed off before consumption.

Biological Insecticides

Biological compounds like bacteria, fungi and viruses can be used as effective insecticides. They are free from chemicals and are used where toxicity may be an issue, like in organic gardens. Specific biological compounds react with specific pests, so each biological insecticide is tailored to a group of insects.

Tags: agricultural lands, control insect, control insect populations, insect populations, insects that

Feed Discus Fish

Feed Discus Fish

Discus fish are small, bright, tropical fish that are native to the Amazon rain forest. They are naturally carnivorous, but are excellent fish to keep in an aquarium. Discus fish can be very picky eaters, and require more than simple flake fish food. Knowing how often to feed and what to feed discus fish is essential to keeping them healthy, happy and colorful.

Instructions

1. Ask what the recent diet of the discus fish has been at the time of purchase. Most discus fish are picky, and if there is a food that they are already accustomed to, you can continue feeding them this food.

2. Feed young discus fish, around 5 cm in length, four to five times daily. Older fish, around 10 centimeters, can be fed just twice daily. Growing fish need more nutrients, and will take in less food during each feeding.

3. Add live or frozen food to the diet of the discus fish. They are carnivorous, and need the protein to stay healthy. Try blood worms and frozen brine shrimp, both frozen and live, and continue feeding them the one they prefer.

4. Feed the discus fish a small amount of food, and allow them to eat for two hours. Discus fish eat ravenously at first, but will nibble for a while afterward. Once this time has passed, siphon away all excess food.

5. Reduce the amount of feeding two to three days weekly. If normally feeding the discus four times per day, reduce to two times per day two to three days per week. In the wild, discus fish sometimes live in areas where food is in short supply. Every two weeks, do not feed the discus fish for one full day, and then resume normal feeding the next day.

Tags: discus fish, continue feeding, continue feeding them, diet discus, diet discus fish

Muscle Aches In Children

Muscle aches are a common ailment experienced by children. Muscle aches can involve just one muscle or several muscles as well as tendons, ligaments, fascia and other soft tissues. Some causes of muscle pain are obvious, such as trauma, and some need to be investigated further, such as Lyme disease and other diseases. Muscle aches in children should always be looked into by a medical doctor to ensure that the child does not have a serious disease or condition and to ensure that the child recovers well.

Trauma and Tension

Muscle aches in children can be as result of trauma. Children may strain or sprain a muscle during play or by overusing their muscles. A child who is under a lot of stress and tension may also experience muscle aches. If this is the cause, the child should follow the doctor's orders and be sure to get plenty of rest. If a strain or sprain is the cause, the child should avoid using the affected muscle, or muscles, until the ache subsides.

Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is a bacterial infection, also referred to as an inflammatory disease, transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick. This disease occurs in three stages. The initial symptoms that occur during stage one include muscle aches as well as fever, chills, lethargy and headache. Treating Lyme disease consists of administering antibiotics to eliminate the infection and anti-inflammatory medications to help alleviate the muscle aches and joint stiffness.

Seasonal Influenza

Seasonal influenza, also referred to as the flu, is a contagious virus that primarily affects the respiratory system. This virus can sometimes develop into a serious illness that can cause death. According the the Centers for Disease Control, approximately 5 to 20 percent of Americans get the flu every year. In addition to muscle aches, children with the flu may experience fever, stuffy or runny nose, headache, sore throat, extreme fatigue, dry cough, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Many children with the flu are able to recover without medical intervention with rest, plenty of fluids and children's acetaminophen to reduce their fever. However, if these methods are not working their doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication to treat this virus.

Trichinosis

Trichinosis, also referred to as roundworm, is caused by eating certain meats, such as pork, horse, bear, rat and fox, that are undercooked. This infection is not seen often in the United States, but when it occurs it can become serious if untreated. This infection is caused by trichinella cysts, that are present in certain undercooked meats, breaking open inside the child's intestine and developing into adult roundworms. In addition to muscle aches, children may experience fever, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea and cramping. There is no specific treatment for this infection, but medications such as Albendazole or Mebendazole may be beneficial in treating any intestinal infection. The child may also be given pain killers to help alleviate their muscle aches and cramping.

Polymyositis

Polymyositis is an inflammatory disease characterized by significant muscle aches and muscle weakness. This skeletal muscle disease can affect people of all ages. When it affects children it most often affects those between 5 and 15 years of age. The exact cause of this condition is unknown. In addition to muscle aches and muscle weakness, other symptoms may include shortness of breath, trouble swallowing, morning stiffness, fever, weight loss, anorexia (due to trouble swallowing), fatigue and joint pain.

Tags: addition muscle, addition muscle aches, also referred, muscle aches, muscle aches

Population Growth & Environmental Ethics

Growing populations put an ever increasing strain on nature.

Traditional ethics refers to a code of conduct that determines what actions are right and wrong, according to the Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental ethics refers to the care and duty for nature by humans, according to Holmes Rolston in "The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy". The population explosion brings up questions on how man should interact with the world around him.

History

English economist Thomas Malthus was one of the first people to write about population growth and environmental ethics. His "An Essay on the Principle of Population"--written around the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1798--claimed that society would eventually outstrip nature's resources unless war, disease and famine could control it, according to JRank.com.

Anthropocentric View

Industrialized nations tend to take an anthropocentric view on the environment, according to the Encyclopedia of Earth. The anthropocentric view believes that man can extract resources from the earth forever--or at least find alternatives--to develop and meet the needs of a growing population. However, in the modern world, the earth has few unexplored frontiers.

Considerations

Environmental ethics became a formal academic subject during the 1960's and 1970's according to Rolston. Books like "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson made the world more aware of the negative effects of human growth and development on the natural world and other humans. Environmental ethics has even led to some real policies to try to curb the effects of human population growth, such as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.

Effects

Environmental ethics usually ties nature into the social contract--the idea that people must coexist peacefully and not steal or lie to each other. However, since people often take the anthropocentric view, we have environmental problems tied to overpopulation, such as global warming, acid rain, deforestation and overfishing that harm all parts of the world: animals, nature and people.

Solution

Environmental ethics believes that human population can grow, but not forever and only in a sustainable way, according to the Encyclopedia of Earth. Earth has limited resources, so we must conserve them and allow other people and animals to use them. Important conservation methods include developing renewable energy like solar, and saving oil for future generations.

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Catnip Side Effects

Catnip, a popular member of the mint family, is commonly used as a psychoactive stimulant for domestic cats. Although few studies have investigated the biological effect that catnip has on cats, it is known to have a few mild side effects in human beings.

Ineffective Results

Only about half of cats actually respond to catnip, and young kittens entirely lack the receptors necessary for enjoying the herb. Cats may develop an aversion to catnip if they do not react to its psychoactive properties.

Sedative Versus Stimulant Effects

Catnip has a caffeinelike stimulant effect on cats when it is sniffed. However, it actually acts as a sedative when it is eaten.

Diuretic Side Effects

In humans, catnip may have mild diuretic effects. Anecdotal evidence has suggested that cats exposed to catnip urinate more frequently.

In Pregnancy

The medicinal use of catnip is contraindicated during pregnancy in humans, because it may stimulate contractions of the uterus. Catnip should be used with caution for pregnant cats.

Precaution

No reports of cats having serious or life-threatening reactions to catnip exist, but pet owners should ask a veterinarian before giving catnip to any animal with a serious medical condition.

Tags: have mild

Prevent Mosquito Breeding

Keep your kiddie pool dry and put away when it is not in use.

Mosquitoes are tiny, blood-sucking, flying insects, and, during the summer, they can be serious pests. If you have mosquitoes in your yard, take the time to ensure that they are not going to breed and produce a second generation of pests to bother you. Mosquitoes need water to lay their eggs, and you can prevent them from colonizing your area simply by getting rid of the sources of standing water near your home. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Scrub out your bird bath every week, if you have one, using a nylon scrub brush, and replace the water in it. The standing water draws mosquitoes, which will lay their eggs in it.

2. Look around for sources of standing water and get rid of them. Old pails and buckets lying around your yard fill up with water during the rainstorms and provide mosquitoes with a breeding ground. Store these items mouth-down, or get rid of them.

3. Trim back shrubs and trees, reducing the overgrowth in your yard. Overgrown plants create marshy areas underneath that gather moisture more easily.

4. Inspect your trees for any hollows that hold water. If you find any hollows containing water, fill them with sand to prevent mosquitoes from using them as a breeding area.

5. Mow your lawn at least once a week. The shady area underneath overgrown grass tends to gather moisture and attract mosquitoes.

6. Clear any debris from your rain gutters. The debris traps water, providing mosquitoes with enough water to breed.

Tags: standing water, your yard, gather moisture, mosquitoes with, sources standing, sources standing water, their eggs

Fire Fly Life Cycles

Fireflies live everywhere, from your backyard to the other side of the planet.

Fireflies or lightning bugs, as they're often called, are not really flies or bugs, as true bugs come from the insect order Heteroptera, and flies come from the order Diptera. Lightning "beetles" is more accurate, since these insects belong to the order Coleoptera, the family Lampridae---which means "shining ones" in Greek---and the genus Photinus. Fireflies live throughout the world. More than 2,000 species can be found from the Midwestern United States to Asia; some do not glow.

Mating and Reproduction

Fireflies flash signals to find a mate. While the female sits on the ground, males flash different signals ranging from single flashes to continuous glows to pulsed flashes, or "flash trains." Females are attracted to males that flash the fastest. After mating, females lay spherical eggs either singly or in groups, about 500 per year. Most species of fireflies bury their eggs in damp soil for protection and incubation.

Larvae

Firefly eggs, which glow slightly, hatch in about four weeks. The flightless larvae are carnivorous grubs, eating other insects foraged from nearby. Most larvae live in rotting wood or forest litter. Some Asian species lay eggs in water, and their larvae have gills and live underwater until they pupate. The larvae of a few tropical firefly species hatch from eggs laid in trees, where the larvae live after hatching and hang under leaves to pupate.

Larvae have flattened, spindle-shaped bodies made of protective shieldlike segments that shed several times during the larval stage. Some species have wingless females that look similar to larvae. Many larvae (and the wingless females) produce light and are often called glowworms in the United States.

Pupae

Larvae shed their skin several times before they are ready to pupate. Most species pupate in spring and emerge in the summer. The firefly larvae climb through tunnels in the soil or forest debris to find empty spaces or small chambers in which to pupate. They secrete a silky strand to make a cocoon. Inside the cocoon, the larval body becomes soft and breaks down, reforming to grow the legs, wings, abdominal structure and antennae of an adult firefly. Fireflies go through what's known as "complete" metamorphosis, meaning that the adults look nothing like the larvae.

Adult

Adult fireflies live between five and 30 days, with an entire life span of only three to four months, depending upon the species. They are approximately a half-inch long with black heads, a red section behind the head (prothorax) and dark brown wing covers (elytra) with yellow edges. According to Animal Diversity, "Their most notable feature is the underside of the abdomen with the last number of segments colored greenish-yellow, forming a 'tail light' capable of producing flashes of light." While other insects glow, none produces light using the same abdominal structure as fireflies.

Light Production

The reaction of luciferin and the enzyme luciferase with oxygen in the firefly's abdomen produces the taillight. This is a cool chemical reaction, as the light produces no heat. The energy for the light comes from the same thing as your own energy, the enzyme ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Between 90 and 98 percent of the energy actually produces light, with only 3 percent lost as heat. That is much more efficient than a typical light bulb, which releases about 97 percent of its energy as heat.

Tags: abdominal structure, come from, Fireflies live, larvae live, Most species

Echo Virus Symptoms

Enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) viruses are common viruses that cause gastrointestinal infections and skin rashes. ECHO virus may also be referred to as a nonpolio enterovirus infection.

Symptoms

Symptoms of ECHO viruses depend on what kind of infection is triggered by the virus. Possible conditions include upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, viral pharyngitis, pericarditis, myocarditis, herpangina, encephalitis, croup and aseptic meningitis. Also, the common childhood disease known as hand, foot and mouth disease may be caused by an ECHO virus.

Significance

ECHO viruses are common and usually not serious.

Diagnosis

ECHO viruses can be diagnosed using a throat culture, spinal fluid culture, rectal culture or stool culture.

Treatment

ECHO viruses usually do not cause any serious complications and clear up without treatment. Patients with an impaired immune system may need a dose of intravenous gammaglobulin (IVIG) immune booster to fight infection.

Warning

ECHO viruses can be dangerous for those individuals with an impaired immune system or those individuals who develop heart infections as a result of the virus.

Tags: ECHO viruses, ECHO virus, ECHO viruses common, immune system, impaired immune

Capture Mosquitoes For Research

Mosquitoes are the primary carriers of malaria, and the subject of extensive research.

Mosquitoes are a leading source of insect-borne disease in many parts of the world. As a result, a great deal of research has been dedicated to the habits and biology of various mosquito species. Usually, the aim of the research is to find ways to prevent mosquitoes from biting humans or to reduce local populations. Since they are small, short-lived flying insects, capturing wild adults can be problematic. A simple trap can be used to collect live specimens for research.

Instructions

1. Cut the top off of an empty two-lieter or three-liter soda bottle. The cut should be made about an inch below the point where the top begins to narrow. Discard the bottlecap.

2. Cut a piece of mosquito netting or cheesecloth into a square about six inches on a side. Fold the corners together to form a bag, and use a rubber band to secure the bag to the mouth of the bottle top.

3. Boil two cups of water. Stir in one cup of brown sugar until it completely dissolves. Place the mixture in the refrigerator for several hours to chill.

4. Mix 1/2 tablespoon yeast into the mixture and pour it into the bottom of the bottle.

5. Insert the top of the bottle upside down into the bottom of the bottle so that the net bag hangs freely inside the bottle. Secure the bottle top with tape.

6. Cover the sides of the bottle with black construction paper. Leave the bottle outdoors, preferably near a body of still water. Check the trap twice a day to collect mosquitoes.

Tags: bottle with, bottom bottle, into bottom, into bottom bottle

Choose Baby Sunscreen

Mother and baby

Babies have sensitive skin that needs protection from the environment. A baby's skin is more vulnerable to sun burns and harmful ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure than adult skin. Since a baby may be susceptible to an allergic reaction to a sunscreen, you need to select a gentle product.

Instructions

1. Look for a physical sunscreen that uses the active ingredients of zinc oxide or titanium dioxide because they are less likely to cause an allergic reaction. Other types of sunscreens use chemical-based ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B blockers such as avobenzone, octocrylene or mexoryl.

2. Pick a PABA-free sunscreen. PABA is too harsh for baby skin and may cause irritation.

3. Search for a sunscreen that provides broad spectrum protection from both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B rays.

4. Select a sunscreen that has a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15. Many baby sunscreens contain SPF 30 or 50. Higher sun protection factor numbers provide better protection from ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B rays.

5. Choose a water-resistant sunscreen to make the protection last through rain, perspiration or swimming.

6. Use a sunscreen with conditioning ingredients such as dimethicone, aloe vera, cocoa butter, lanolin or glycerin. These types of sunscreens moisturize your baby's skin.

7. Consider an organic hypoallergenic sunscreen. Organic sunscreens use less chemical ingredients and are gentle to a baby’s sensitive skin. They often use zinc oxide or titanium dioxide as active ingredients and incorporate natural ingredients such as green tea, castor oil, vitamin B or lavender.

8. Ask your baby’s pediatrician to recommend a sunscreen. She can recommend a sunscreen the meets your child's specific needs.

9. Apply sunscreen 30 minutes before outdoor activities so that it can absorb into the baby’s skin. Use sunscreen on all exposed areas of the body. Take extra care around the eye area because the sunscreen will irritate the baby’s eyes if it makes contact. Reapply sunscreen every two hours to maintain sun protection. Limit the baby’s sun exposure during the hottest part of the day. If your baby is younger than six months, only use sunscreen on the face and backs of hands and keep the rest of the baby covered in a light-weight long-sleeve shirt, cotton pants and a hat. Keep young babies out of direct sunlight and in the shade as much as possible.

Tags: baby skin, ultraviolet ultraviolet, protection from, sunscreen that, your baby, zinc oxide titanium

Herpes Encephalitis Symptoms

Herpes encephalitis is a life-threatening medical condition caused by a herpes virus infection. Encephalitis occurs when the brain and central nervous system are infected. Herpes encephalitis symptoms are similar to those of epilepsy, meningitis and stroke.

Initial Symptoms

Symptoms of herpes encephalitis can go from mild to severe in just a few hours. The initial symptoms include aches, fever and headache.

Other Symptoms

Other symptoms of herpes encephalitis include hallucinations and personality changes. The infection can also cause memory problems, confusion, seizures and in some cases, coma.

Causes

Herpes encephalitis can be caused by the herpes virus spreading to brain and spinal cord fluid, head and neck infections, and from mother to child during birth if the mother has genital herpes.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing herpes encephalitis includes blood tests and performing a spinal tap to collect spinal fluid. The fluid will be tested for the herpes virus, but it may take several weeks to get results.

Treatment

Hospitalization and intravenous antiviral drugs are the main methods used to treat herpes encephalitis. If herpes encephalitis is suspected, treatment begins immediately, even before tests results are confirmed. If necessary, individual symptoms, such as brain swelling, may be treated with additional medicines.

Tags: herpes encephalitis, Herpes encephalitis, herpes virus, caused herpes, caused herpes virus

Treat Minor Insect Bites

Minor insect bites prompt you to action quickly, not because of seriousness or life-threatening worries, but just because they hurt. They occur quickly, often without warning or notice, and for moments afterward they may stop your world until treated. Minor insect bites include mosquitoes, flies, fleas, ticks, lice, scabies and non-poisonous spiders. If the insect bite does not produce a serious allergic reaction or toxic reaction, treat the insect bite topically.

Instructions

1. See if the stinger is still on the skin if you are stung by a bee. If you can still see the stinger, remove it. Do not rub or try to squeeze the stinger. Make sure you remove the stinger.

2. Clean the wound with soap and water (for minor insect bites.)

3. Apply calamine lotion with a cotton ball or soft cloth.

4. Put an ice pack to the bite wound for 15 minutes. If necessary, repeat the ice pack treatment, leaving the ice pack on the wound for 15 minutes up to 2 hours.

5. Apply a 1 percent hydrocortisone cream for persistent swelling or redness.

Tags: insect bite, insect bites, Minor insect bites, wound minutes

The Best Insecticide For Mosquitoes

Adult mosquitoes are more difficult to control using insecticides.

Two main types of insecticides for mosquitoes are larvicides to control immature mosquitoes and adulticides to control adult mosquitoes. Other mosquito control methods include eliminating breeding sites, sealing cracks in the house and applying mosquito repellents on the skin. Does this Spark an idea?

Larvicide

According to the University of Kentucky's College of Agriculture, effective larvicides contain Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) or methoprene. Bti attacks the digestive tract, while methoprene disrupts larvae development.

Adulticides

Effective adulticides contain a pyrethroid such as cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin or permethrin as the active ingredient. They come in concentrate or ready-to-use forms. Reapply the adulticide periodically to maintain effectiveness.

Comparison

According to the University of Florida, larvicides are more effective than adulticides to control mosquitoes. Use adulticides as a last resort or when mosquito breeding sites are unidentifiable or inaccessible.

Tags: According University, adulticides control, breeding sites, mosquitoes adulticides

Mosquito Population Growth

Wet weather and cluttered properties can lead to mosquito population growth.

They bite. They itch. And some carry diseases. Mosquitoes can ruin barbecues, fishing trips and days on the golf course. But each mosquito genus--Aedes, Anopheles and Culex--also carries diseases, making them a public health concern as well as a nuisance. Each genus has its own habitat. When those habitats change, whether through natural or human intervention, so do mosquito populations.

Increase Causes

Mosquitoes need water and moisture for egg laying and hatching. When springs have cooler, wetter weather than normal it is easier for mosquitoes to grow in number by giving them more time to develop. For example, Saginaw, Michigan, saw six times as many mosquitoes as normal in spring 2010 after heavy rainfall in May. Aedes mosquitoes especially tend to live in flood waters. When heavy rains lead into dry spells, Culex mosquitoes also breed in standing water. The insects can also nest in yard clutter, such as weeds and spare tires. When properties begin collecting these items, the mosquitoes can increase.

Pros

Mosquitoes help ecosystems maintain balance. They are an essential food source for many birds, bats, spiders and other insects, according to the University of Arizona. Removing mosquitoes from an ecosystem would remove a link from the bottom of the chain, potentially causing it to collapse.

Cons

Along with being nuisances, mosquitoes are vectors for potentially fatal illnesses. The insects, through biting multiple animals and people, can transmit diseases like malaria and yellow fever. The Centers for Disease Control reported 720 cases of West Nile in 2009 in the U.S., 32 of which were fatal.

Government Control

Mosquito control programs began in the early 1900s, and they have since expanded to the federal level through the CDC and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control officials, in order to be successful, must apply insecticides with proper equipment at proper times and locations, depending on the region. Officials spray inside planes and helicopters to prevent spreading eggs through travel.

Home Control

Homeowners can buy insecticides, citronella candles and other mosquito control products to ward off the insects. But there are other practical steps for controlling their populations. The University of Kentucky suggests reducing breeding sites by disposing of tires, cleaning gutters, refilling bird baths and getting rid of any other containers and traps for standing water. Draining ditches and irrigating lawns can also prevent standing water. Sealing windows and other home entrances for mosquitoes can prevent mosquitoes from coming inside. To keep them from biting, repellents with Deet work best, according to the university. However, children should avoid applying it to their hands.

Monitoring

The EPA and CDC, as well as many state and local government agencies, monitor mosquito populations and the spread of diseases like West Nile. Mosquito experts also monitor weather patterns and study topographical maps to determine larval populations, according to the EPA. When officials detect large mosquito larvae populations, they can go in and spray for them or alter the environment, often through cleanup, to prevent them from hatching.

Tags: standing water, diseases like, mosquito populations, mosquitoes from, them from, West Nile

Urban Clubs In Atlanta

Atlanta MC

Atlanta's urban club scene has been bustling for years; from the emergence of Outkast in the early 1990's to T.I. in 2010, urban sounds have continued to thrive and evolve in this southern capitol. Today, you will find a wealth of urban-themed night clubs with the latest in light and sound technology, freshest street-beats and lavish VIP treatment. Does this Spark an idea?

Velvet Room

The Velvet Room is an ultra-stylish urban dance club with an elite crowd from the hip-hop scene. Album release parties and live performances are among the special events held here at Velvet, where celebrity hosts like Rick Ross and Chris Brown lead the party. Dozens of plasma screen TVs, crystal chandeliers and high-tech sound and lighting enhance a lavishly designed interior. For VIP treatment, Velvet Room offers private booths and cabanas as well as bottle service. If you're lucky, you might spot stars here like Puff Daddy sipping on a cocktail. Some nights promote no cover before midnight as well as martini specials for ladies; however, beware that the door is extremely selective, and getting to Velvet early will not guarantee your free entry.

Velvet Room

3358 Chamblee Tucker Road

Atlanta, GA 30341

404-874-4460

velvetatl.com

The Leopard Lounge

The Leopard Lounge is an urban club and lounge with a more mellow feel, featuring three distinct areas decorated with lavish materials and superior mood-lighting. The main room has an open, yet cozy atmosphere, with hardwood floors and stone fireplaces as well as oil paintings and plush couches. Downstairs is a primal, stone-walled lounge with black leather furniture and a dance floor inundated with bumping hip-hop and R&B sounds. The final area is an outdoor covered patio with a cocktail bar and excellent views of Midtown. Throughout the Leopard, you will also hear rap, rock and roll and additional DJ music.

The Leopard Lounge

84 12th Street NE

Atlanta, GA 30309

404-875-7562

leopardloungeatl.com

Club Crucial

Opened by famous Atlanta rapper T.I., Club Crucial is an urban dance club featuring the latest in hip-hop, R&B, and Top 40 music from local and celebrity artists, with both DJs and live acts providing the beats. Crucial has three full service bars in the main club area, as well as a large dancefloor and an upstairs VIP room. There is an additional lounge area attached to the club, equipped with pool tables, flat screen TVs and a kitchen. Crucial's lounge menu features Atlanta classics such as steak 'n shrimp and a variety of appetizers. Weekly events include "Free Fridays" and "Celebrity Saturdays," where you have the best chance of spotting stars.

Club Crucial

2517 Donald Lee Hollowell Pkwy

Atlanta, GA 30318

404-794-2114

myspace.com/crucialatl

Tags: Velvet Room, Club Crucial, Leopard Lounge, dance club, lounge with

Carbon Dioxide Gas Safety Awareness

Carbon dioxide gas is a natural byproduct of the respiration system. It has a wide variety of industrial and practical uses, and is often transported in pressurized containers. Carbon dioxide must be handled, transported and stored with great care.

Skin Exposure

Carbon dioxide is often super cooled to condense the gas for more efficient storage. Skin exposure to this gas can cause immediate frostbite. Safety gloves and clothing should be worn when working with carbon dioxide.

Breathing

Carbon dioxide occurs naturally in the atmosphere at a level of .035 percent. Exposure to levels above this can cause difficulty breathing, nausea, dizziness and eventual depression of the central nervous system. Levels should be tested to ensure safety.

Eye Exposure

Carbon dioxide gas that leaks into an eyeball can cause serious damage. Always wear protective goggles, but in case of exposure rinse eyeball for up to 15 minutes in warm water and consult an ophthalmologist immediately.

Asphyxiant

Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiating gas, meaning it pushes other less asphyxiating gasses like oxygen out of an area. Increased levels of carbon dioxide may not kill you directly, but can be dangerous because they are removing oxygen, essential for life.

Valve Safety

When handling carbon dioxide gas in a pressurized container, never lift it by the cap. Also, do not try to pry open the cap with any other tool than an adjustable strap wrench, as this may lead to tank penetration. Keep upright during use and keep free from flames.

Tags: Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide, Exposure Carbon, Exposure Carbon dioxide, this cause

Exterminate Bugs In The House

A fly swatter is a simple but effective tool to kill insects inside your home.

In the warmer spring and summer months, insects may infiltrate your home seeking food and water. This invasion can be hazardous to your health. Flies can transmit harmful bacteria from the garbage on which they feed, ticks can carry Lyme Disease and mosquitoes can carry West Nile Virus. By combining several different extermination methods simultaneously, you can greatly reduce the chances of these unwanted house guests finding their way inside your home again. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Mix 1/3 cup of dishwashing detergent with 1 gallon of warm water. Stir the mixture to combine. Pour some of the soapy water into a spray bottle. Spray the mixture on flying insects, such as mosquitoes, flies and gnats. The detergent will stick to the insects and knock them out of the air, rendering them powerless. You can either scoop them up with a dust pan or simply use a vacuum to clean them up once they hit the ground. The soapy water can be useful in areas where you do not wish to spray pesticides, such as in the kitchen.

2. Set bait traps in areas of frequent insect activity. The traps contain poisoned bait that the insects will consume and then die shortly thereafter. Insects such as ants will carry the bait back to their nests, which can result in the death of the entire ant colony. Bait traps are also available for roaches and for some flying insects. The bait is not harmful to pets, which can be appealing if you have curious dogs or cats in your home.

3. Fill a spray bottle with coffee. Spray the coffee on any slugs or snails that sneak in along your door jamb. Coffee contains caffeine, which is a neurotoxin to slugs and snails, and will poison them. Besides being inexpensive, coffee is also a lot less messy than pouring salt on the slugs or snails.

4. Mix borax powder with an equal amount of flour. Sprinkle the powder around the doors or other spots where you notice insects emerging from outside. Ants and other insects such as beetles will eat the tainted flour, and die. Place a gate or other obstacle around the powder if you have pets or small children. Sweep up the powder a day or two after you notice less insect activity.

5. Squash the insects with a fly swatter. Though it can be messy, a fly swatter is useful against flying insects, as well as those crawling around on the ground. Wipe the areas clean with a damp sponge after you smash an insect.

Tags: your home, flying insects, slugs snails, insect activity, inside your, inside your home, soapy water

Flying Bugs Native To Oregon

Flying bugs in Oregon include the popular monarch butterfly.

Most of Oregon shares the same climate and, therefore, the same flying bugs. Native flying bugs are vital to Oregon's ecological balance, but they can interfere with a person's peace or a business's bottom line if the wrong one gets out of control. Many gardeners plan landscapes that attract certain flying bugs. Oregon has hundreds of butterfly enthusiasts that await the arrival of their favorite species each year.

Small Flying Bugs

Oregon has its share of very small or microscopic flying bugs. Because of the state's moist climate, many gardeners have a problem with fungus gnats. Fungus gnats also are found inside houses around the soil of potted plants. Although they are not biting bugs, fungus gnats are irritating when they feed and breed in garden areas, indoor potted plants and greenhouses. Evidence of their presence, if they are not seen flying around the soil after watering, is the tiny slime trails they live on top of the soil.

Flying Beetles

Although there are many beetle species in Oregon, one that is only found in Western North America is the rain beetle. Called rain beetles because they fly following autumn rains, these beetles feed on the roots of trees. The beetle's larvae, known as white grub, have done serious damage to fruit-bearing trees in Northern Oregon and Southern Washington. Records of rain beetle damage in Oregon goes back to the 1920s. After being attacked, the trees usually go into a slow decline before death. The beetle and larvae will quickly kill new trees and seedlings.

Flying Garden Bugs

One of the most common dragonflies in Oregon, according to Southern Oregon University biology professor Peter Schroeder, is the libellulidae. This striking red species is found in gardens and back yards throughout Oregon. They feed on a lot of other flying insects, including mosquitoes. Butterflies are plentiful in Oregon, and because milkweed is plentiful in Oregon, milkweed butterflies such as the Monarch and the queen thrive in the state. Other popular butterflies include Admirals, such as California Sister and Viceroy, and Longwings, such as the Pacific and Mormon Fritillaries.

Biting and Stinging Bugs

Bugs that fly about Oregon biting and stinging humans are sometimes a serious threat to health. Mosquitoes are plentiful in the state, and they have caused West Nile virus to become a concern to health officials. Every year, Oregon health officials warn residents of the dangers of allowing conditions in which mosquitoes thrive. Stinging threats that fly in Oregon include honeybees, bumblebees, solitary bees, and wasps, such paper and mud wasps, yellow jackets, hornets and wood wasps.

Tags: around soil, beetle larvae, bugs Oregon, flying bugs, fungus gnats, health officials, Oregon include

Natural Cockroach Repellent

Repel roaches with natural remedies, rather than chemical ones.

Cockroaches thrive in dark places, like under your sink and in upper cabinets. Since the roaches prefer nighttime, you may not even be aware of the problem. Once you identify cockroaches in your home, treat the problem with natural repellents. Does this Spark an idea?

Diatomaceous Earth and Beer

Diatomaceous earth and beer are natural ways to repel roaches. Diatomaceous earth is a powder product that kills roaches, by cutting through the pest's body. Place beer-soaked bread slices in a can under the sink to repel roaches.

Garlic, Bay Leaves and Catnip

Dried garlic and bay leaves can be sprinkled around areas with known cockroach activity. Dried catnip placed in cabinets and on counters also repels cockroaches.

Prevention

Keeping your house clean reduces the risk of a cockroach infestation. Clean and vacuum regularly, and throw away the vacuum bag or empty the canister after each cleaning. Roaches can escape from the vacuum.

Tags: Diatomaceous earth, repel roaches, with natural

Natural Cricket Repellent

You can keep crickets at bay naturally.

Although crickets do not carry diseases and tend not to reproduce once they've entered your home, their chirping is a nuisance and their presence is not desirable. Whether they cause major problems or not, few people want bugs in their homes. When it comes to plants, some cricket varieties feed on stems, foliage, fruit or flowers, damaging or sometimes killing them. Fortunately, there are natural means to keep crickets out of your home and garden. Does this Spark an idea?

Chili Pepper Spray

Some gardeners and home owners have found that hot peppers repel crickets. To make a liquid you can spray on plants, around your garden and outside in front of doors and windows, place 1/2 cup of fresh hot peppers and 2 cups of water in a blender or food processor, and process until liquefied. You may substitute 2 tbsp. of hot pepper sauce, in place fresh hot peppers.

Garlic Barrier

If you'd rather not spend your time mixing cricket-repellent concoctions, let Garlic Barrier do the work for you. Made by Garlic Research Labs, Inc., of Glendale, California, Garlic Barrier is a liquid insect repellent that you spray directly on your plants. According to the manufacturer, the substance is all natural, certified for use on organic farms and effectively repels crickets. According to the company website, it is not poisonous and is safe to use around children and pets.

Encourage Predators

Natural predators help keep cricket populations down and encourage them to find a home other than yours. Although taking on a pet is a big responsibility, it might be worth it if your cricket problem is severe. Cats are excellent cricket deterrents, and there are plenty of shelter cats who would repay your kindness by helping you keep your home cricket-free. Lizards, birds and nonvenomous spiders hunt crickets as well, so encourage their populations by planting trees and bushes, setting out birdseed, offering water sources and avoiding chemical pesticides.

Prevention

Eliminate conditions that crickets find favorable and they'll find more desirable places to live. For example, many cricket varieties love damp, dark environments, moist houseplants and kitchen scraps and will stay away from your home if you're not offering these things. Crickets often feed on decaying plant material, so cleaning up your yard and gardens can help, also. Keep doors and windows tightly closed, and caulk any holes or gaps where crickets might enter your home. Crickets are attracted to light, so turn out as many lights as possible each night.

Tags: your home, Garlic Barrier, cricket varieties, doors windows, fresh peppers, keep crickets, place fresh

The History Of Incense Sticks

Stick incense is one of the most popular forms of incense.

Incense dates back into the Biblical ages and has its roots in religious ceremonies. Incense comes in many forms like sticks, coils, powder and cones. Stick incense is the most popular form of incense because of its convenience, says Louie Kampouris on his website, Essencial Dreams.

Origin Incense

Physical evidence of the use of incense has been found by archaeologists around the globe. Historians have found textual evidence in ancient texts like the Bible and "The Epic of Gilgamesh" from Sumeria.

Stick Incense

In the beginning, stick incense was made from splinters of aromatic wood like sandalwood. Stick incense orginated in China during the Ming dynasty, which ran from 1368 to 1644.

Construction

Incense is made largely of wood pulp, aromatic powder and a binding agent. However, stick incense can be made another way. Wooden "punks" are sometimes soaked in aromatic oils to create the incense sticks. Incense sticks come in a variety of scents and are often dyed to help identify their scent.

Tags: Stick incense, incense most, incense most popular, most popular, stick incense made, Stick incense most

Clean A Garden Fountain

Clean a Garden Fountain

A garden fountain is an excellent way to create a focal point in your yard, drawing in wildlife and providing a relaxing retreat. If you don't regularly clean the fountain, however, you will start noticing some unpleasant consequences such as algae growth, murky water, unpleasant smells and a reduced water flow. Anyone can clean a garden fountain quickly and easily to keep it sparkling and fresh by following these simple steps. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Read the instruction manual or sheet that came with your fountain, if available. If you don't have one, call the manufacturer to inquire about special cleaning methods that may be required for your specific fountain.

2. Unplug the fountain pump.

3. Drain the water from the fountain. Use the fountain's drain plug, if there is one, or pump it into a bucket with your fountain's pump and a long piece of tubing.

4. Remove any debris that is left inside, such as twigs, leaves or grass.

5. Wipe the fountain surfaces thoroughly with a rag, using an old, soft-bristled toothbrush to gently scrub detailed areas or algae spots. White vinegar may be used to remove stubborn algae growth or discoloration caused by dirt and mud.

6. Rinse the fountain surface with a hose.

7. Pull the cover off the fountain pump and remove any debris that may be trapped inside.

8. Wipe the inside and outside of the fountain pump and replace the cover.

9. Perform any extra steps that may be recommended in your fountain instruction manual.

10. Re-fill the fountain with water, adding water treatments to prevent algae and mineral stains as directed on the bottles.

Tags: fountain pump, your fountain, algae growth, Clean Garden, debris that, garden fountain, instruction manual

Choose An All Natural Mosquito Repellent For A Yard

Several natural repellent methods may solve a mosquito problem.

Mosquitoes transmit diseases and their bites leave itchy sores. It's only natural for people to want to repel them, but chemicals are not always the answer. Citronella candles work but they have to be lit to be effective. Because mosquitoes have different tastes, the best way to choose an all natural mosquito repellent is to try out several of them, then stick with the best one. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Install several catnip plants in the area where you spend the most time. Hang the plants out of reach of cats or surround them with wire cages.

2. Plant a border of lavender around all garden seating areas. Mosquitoes don't care for the scent, but it's very appealing to humans and creates a strong visual for the garden. The combination of catnip and lavender may be enough to thwart the mosquitoes.

3. Try some foods and vitamins. It's been rumored for many years that eating garlic or taking Vitamin B tablets will make human skin less appealing to the mosquitoes. In fact, no study done as of 2010 proved those theories to be true. However, Joe Conlon, technical advisor for the American Mosquito Control Association, told ABC in 2010 that the pests will avoid garlic "if" it has been squeezed on the skin. Another rumored effective repellent is Listerine because one of its active ingredients is based on eucalyptus oil. No study has confirmed this one works either, but even if it does the Listerine dries out quickly and the mosquitoes come back within 30 minutes.

4. Eliminate any standing water in the yard, including water that may be trapped in tarps or nearly empty flower pots or clogged rain gutters. Mow the lawn regularly and eliminate weeds. The water and weeds give the adult mosquitoes places to breed or rest.

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Do It Yourself Drain Cleaning Machines

Bathtub drain

Drain cleaning can be a messy job. However, there are a few special tools you can use to clean your drain and not make a big mess. All these tools can be found at a hardware store, and with a little addition or modification, you can have an excellent drain cleaner that will unclog any drain without using chemicals or having to rent a machine. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Change into your old work clothes and have your gloves ready for use. This will keep you from getting your good clothes dirty.

2. Attach four zip ties to the end of the snake or auger. This will allow increased cleaning but will not cause damage to the pipes. Make sure to use the smallest zip ties possible and pull them as tight as you can.

3. Attach the drill to the back of the snake or auger to supply the power needed to run the auger. The faster the drill speed, the quicker the auger will clean out the drain.

4. Feed the snake or auger into the drain and start running the drill at a slow speed to get the feel of how the auger will go through the pipe. When comfortable, increase the drill speed. The auger will pull its way through the pipe and you will have to supply only a little pressure.

5. Remove the snake from the drain when you reach its end. You will want to grab your gloves and an old rag to wipe off the snake as you pull it out. This will keep the auger clean and working for a long time.

6. Pour hot water down the drain to clean out anything that was left.

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Treat Your Own Mosquito Net

Malaria is an infection of the blood caused by the presence of parasites in the red blood cells. Malaria is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. In areas of the world where malaria is prevalent, preventative measures to keep mosquitoes at bay are well established. During the day, frequent applications of repellents offer a measure of protection from mosquitoes. At night, the best defense against the malaria-carrying mosquitoes is a net hung over and around your bed. To enhance the effectiveness of the net, it can be treated with an insecticide.

Insecticide

The most common chemical used in the treatment of mosquito nets is permethrin. Structurally similar to a compound originally derived from the crushed petals of the chrysanthemum, permethrin is a synthetic chemical used to kill and repel mosquitoes. It is safe to use and effective for up to one year if applied correctly. Permethrin can be purchased at sporting goods stores, in the camping section of major department stores or over the Internet.

Application

Gather your net and your insecticide and find an out-of-the-way location outdoors. Be sure to wear protective clothing such as gloves, full-length pants and a long-sleeved shirt. Wash and dry the net prior to treatment. Once you are certain the net is clean, lay it flat on the ground and liberally apply the spray, ensuring the length of the material is fully saturated. If you have no choice but to apply the insecticide indoors, be sure to open as many windows as possible. Once the net has been coated with permethrin, hang it up to dry. Allow the net to air dry for approximately 48 hours before using.

Warnings

Permethrin is safe to use if handled correctly. However, you should try to avoid direct contact with the skin and eyes. If you should accidentally expose yourself to permethrin, rinse the affected area with copious amounts of cold water.

In order to for the insecticide to remain active, wash the nets as infrequently as possible. If you wash your nets regularly, keep track of the number of times they are put through the wash cycle as they must be re-treated after they have been washed three or more times. If the nets are not washed on a regular basis, they must be treated once each year for the insecticide to remain effective.

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Properly Use A Bug Fogger

Many people use bug foggers to get rid of household pests such as spiders, ants, mosquitoes and fleas. Using a bug fogger is a step you can take to try to get rid of pests before you call an exterminator. Bug foggers are affordable and easy to use, but there are a few steps to keep in mind to properly use the bug fogger. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Remove or cover any food items, utensils, dishes, toys and pet supplies. It doesn't matter what you cover the items with as long as they are completely covered. Even after covering utensils, dishes, toys and pet supplies, it is a good idea to wash them before using again.

2. Vacuum the area where you are planning to use the bug fogger.

3. Turn off all fans, air conditioners, refrigerators and aquariums. If you are leaving an aquarium in the house, make sure to cover it as well. Make sure any other ignition sources or open flames are extinguished. This includes pilot lights and gas valves.

4. Open all inside doors and cupboards, but shut outside doors and windows.

5. Find an elevated space in the center of the room you are fogging to place the bug fogger. Cover the elevated area with newspapers. Use a table, chair or other object to place the bug fogger above ground level.

6. Turn the fogger away from your face and press the button that activates it. With the fogger set on the elevated space leave the house. Take any pets and children with you.

7. Return to the house after two hours to open all doors and windows to ventilate the house. You can permanently return after the house has been ventilated for an hour. These times vary on different brands of bug fogger, so check the directions.

Tags: dishes toys, dishes toys supplies, doors windows, elevated space, place fogger, toys supplies, utensils dishes

Garlic Spray For Slugs

Slugs come out at night, making an infestation hard to spot until it's too late.

Slugs chew through the vegetable garden and any tasty flowers they find. Instead of using toxic pesticides to keep slugs away, you can mix up a homemade natural spray using a common cooking ingredient -- garlic. This pungent herb makes plants in your garden unpalatable to slugs and other pests. Does this Spark an idea?

Slugs

Slugs, along with their shell-carrying relatives the snail, belong to the class of gastropods. Their slimy, mucus-filled bodies leave tell-tale trails through the garden and over foliage. When slugs infest a garden, they eat through vegetables, flowers and other plants. Slugs thrive in cool, damp conditions. During the day, when the sun is out, slugs hide under the cool soil. Slugs feed at night and on cloudy days.

Garlic

Sprayed on plants, garlic makes the foliage unpalatable to slugs. According to biologist Gordon Port of the University of Newcastle, slugs dry up when they come into contact with the oils in garlic. He says the garlic causes the slugs to produce too much mucus, eventually causing them to shrivel up and die. Edible garlic keeps slugs off the vegetable garden without the need to use toxic chemical pesticides.

Preparation

Dice or process one to two large garlic bulbs. The bulb is the whole head of garlic made up of individual wedge-shaped cloves. Remove the skin from each clove. Finely chop the garlic cloves using a food processor or a kitchen knife. Mix the garlic with 5 gallons of water and shake well. Put the solution in a spray bottle and spray the tops and bottoms of the leaves and flowers in your garden.

Using Garlic Spray Effectively

Garlic spray works for one to three days during dry weather. Reapply two to three times a week. Rain washes the garlic oil off the leaves, reducing its effectiveness. Monitor gardens carefully during rainy weather and reapply the garlic as soon as the weather clears. Store garlic spray, refrigerated, for up to two weeks. Pick off slugs by hand as you find them to help keep infestations down. Garlic spray also keeps other insects, as well as hungry rodents, off the plants.

Tags: Garlic spray, unpalatable slugs, vegetable garden, your garden

Measure For Tile

Measure for Tile

Tile is sold per square foot, so before ordering tile for a do-it-yourself job it is necessary to figure out how much tile you need. By taking the linear measurements of the area needing to be tiled, it is fairly easy to calculate how many square feet the area is. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Measure the length of the room needing tile.

2. Measure the width of the room needing tile.

3. Multiply the width by the length to get the total square footage of the area to be tiled. If the area is not square, break the room into smaller squares, measure the length and width of each of those, then add the area of the smaller squares together. If there is an object in the middle of the floor, such as a bathtub or a kitchen island, measure the length and width of the area covered by the object and subtract it from the total square footage.

4. Multiply the total square footage by 10% (or .10) and add this value to the total square footage. Because many of the tiles used will be cut, it is good to order about 10% more tiles than you figure you will need. Also, having extra tiles on hand will assure you have enough if some break or are not as attractive. Extras can often be returned to the store for a refund, or kept in case a tile breaks in the future.

5. Calculate the total linear feet you will need for border tiles by simply measuring the length of the area you wish to tile. Add ten percent to this value as well. If you add border tiles, this should not influence the number of square tiles you will need.

Tags: square footage, total square, total square footage, will need, border tiles, length width, measure length

Describe The Developmental Stages Of The Malarial Parasite During Sporogamy And Schizogony

The female Anopheles mosquito spreads malaria to humans.

Malaria infects 600 million new patients per year, and kills up to 3 million of them. Four species of unicellular parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium cause this disease. Female Anopheles mosquitoes are its primary vectors; scientists have identified more than 45 Anopheles species in India alone. These mosquitoes locate human hosts through smell and visual clues, and are more likely to infect males than females. Sporogony is the parasites' earliest developmental stage, which takes place in the mosquito host. Schizogony is a later stage that occurs once the parasite has infected human cells.

Sporogony

The Anopheles mosquito ingests malarial parasites when it feeds on an infected human. In the mosquito's stomach, the parasites move to the gut wall, where they reproduce asexually through the process of sporogony, and produce an oocyst, or spore. These oocysts eventually burst, releasing sporozoites that travel through the mosquito's body to its salivary glands, and finally to its central salivary duct.

Sporozoites

When a carrier mosquito drinks human blood, the malarial sporozoites travel through its saliva to the host's blood stream, and quickly make their way to the liver's functional cells. The parasites can also infect red blood cells, causing fever, anemia and -- in some cases -- death.

Schizogony

Schizogony is a form of asexual reproduction in which the multiple fission of sporozoites produces merozoites that can reproduce sexually or asexually. This process often begins as soon as the parasites enter their vertebrate host. For example, Plasmodium falciparum and P. malariae begin reproducing immediately. However, P. ovale and P. vivax may delay reproduction, by forming hypnozoites that remain dormant in the liver cells. P. vivax hypnozoites can have a dormancy of up to 10 months, whereas P. falciparum and P. malariae do not create hypnozoites at all.

Merozoites

Pre-erythrocytic schizogony occurs in the host's liver cells before the parasite invades red blood cells (erythrocytes). During this phase, each sporozoite produces multiple merozoites, which consist of a single nucleus encased in a narrow cytoplasmic ring. Each P. ovale sporozoite produces 15,000 merozoites. P. vivax produces 10,000, P. falciparum produces 40,000 and P. malariae produces 2,000. Merozoites typically invade red blood cells within two minutes of life.

Tags: blood cells, Anopheles mosquito, falciparum malariae, infected human, liver cells, produces merozoites, sporozoite produces

Information On Start A Citronella Plant

Citronella oil is used to help repel mosquitoes. The name alone will call to mind the popular candles used to repel mosquitoes. Many people think that planting citronella will help control the pests, but that's not all there is to it. But starting a citronella plant is a relatively simple process. Does this Spark an idea?

Choosing a Plant

Choose a citronella plant carefully. Citronella is really a perennial ornamental grass. Do not buy a citronella-smelling plant, which is really a geranium. Check the tag to make sure the plant is Cybopogon nardus or Citronella winterianus. Propagate the plant by separating clumps of the grass and replanting them. The best time to do this is before winter. Keep a few small clumps inside so they are ready to plant when it gets warmer.

Conditions

Pick an appropriate site for your citronella plant. Citronella needs full sun to thrive, although plants can tolerate some shade. The plant doesn't grow well when the soil is too wet. Citronella has trouble with cool, damp winters and requires a long, warm growing season. Often Citronella can be moved inside and be replanted in the spring.

Planting

Get the outdoor site ready by tilling the soil. Make sure the soil drains well. If necessary, add in peat moss, sand or topsoil to improve drainage. If the citronella plant will be growing in a pot, add in all-purpose potting soil. Place the plant in an area that gets plenty of sun and is not too wet. This grass can grow up to 5 or 6 feet tall.

Usage

Be aware that Citronella grass does not keep mosquitoes away by simply planting it in your yard or in a pot. Instead, oil from the plant is mixed with other oils and works as a repellent when applied on the skin. Pure citronella oil should not be placed on skin; even mixed, the oil can cause rashes.

Tags: citronella plant, repel mosquitoes

Protocols For Preventing The Spread Of Viral Encephalitis

Mosquitoes spread viral encephalitis.

Viral encephalitis is a viral infection of the brain. West Nile Virus is a well-known example. Viral encephalitis is rarely spread from person to person or from animals people. It is almost always spread through the bite of a mosquito. Efforts to prevent the spread of viral encephalitis focus on decreasing mosquito populations and people protecting themselves from bites.

Insect Repellent

Apply an insect repellent which contains the active ingredient DEET if you go outside during dusk or dawn, when mosquitoes are most active. DEET, in use more than 40 years, and is safe for adults and children if you use it as directed. DEET may be the most effective insect repellent on the market. Children under 2 months of age should not use products with DEET. Do not use DEET on your face or on irritated or cut skin. Do not apply it under clothing. You should apply the repellent to your child by spraying it on your own hands and then rubbing it on your child. Avoid getting it around his eyes, mouth and hands. Do not apply DEET indoors. When you go back indoors, wash the DEET off your skin. Read and follow the label directions carefully when using any insect repellent.

Mosquito Control

Remove all sources of standing water from your yard. This includes rubbish, wading pools, wheelbarrows or old tires. Something as small as a bottle cap can breed mosquitoes. If you have a bird bath in your yard, change the water at least every four days to keep mosquitoes from breeding. If you have a swimming pool or a hot tub, keep it maintained properly with chlorine, and keep it covered when not in use. Make sure your rain gutters are unclogged and flow freely. Citronella candles seem to be effective at preventing mosquito bites, since the mosquitoes are drawn toward the flame. Consider building a bat house or birdhouse so natural predators will take up residence on your property. Examine all the screens on your house and make sure there are no rips or tears where mosquitoes may enter. Do not leave the door to your house open for prolonged periods. Don't open windows that don't have screens to keep out the mosquitoes.

Other Measures

Avoid contact with mosquitoes by staying indoors when mosquitoes are most active. If you do go outside, cover bare skin. Wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts. Sleep in screened areas and use the air conditioner or fan, since mosquitoes do not like to fly against wind. Do not wear perfume when outside, since mosquitoes may be attracted to the fragrance. Do not touch dead birds. If you find a dead bird in your yard, report it to your local health department, because it may be an indicator that the West Nile Virus is in your location.

Tags: insect repellent, since mosquitoes, your yard, DEET your, keep mosquitoes

Treat A Tarantula Bite

Treat a Tarantula Bite

Tarantulas are not normally aggressive spiders, which is why many people keep them as pets. But if you do get bitten by a tarantula, the wound will look and feel much like a bee sting. Here's treat it.

Instructions

1. Remove dirt from the wound by washing the bite with soap and water to prevent infection.

2. Mix a small amount of powdered meat tenderizer with a few drops of water to make a paste.

3. Apply the paste to the bite by soaking a cotton ball in the mix and holding it to the bite.

4. Use an ice cube if you don't have meat tenderizer. This will numb the area and reduce swelling, leaving you feeling better in no time.

5. Don't panic if a tarantula bites you or someone nearby. Despite what you may have seen in some movies, tarantula bites aren't fatal unless you're allergic. Most people will not have an allergic reaction to a tarantula bite. If you do, take an antihistamine immediately and call 9-1-1.

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Sandalwood Mosquito Repellent

Mosquito

Sandalwood essential oil, from the heartwood of Sandalwood trees, has a warm, woody aroma prized for its use in skin care, meditation and stress relief. It is known to relax, support the immune system, relieve mild depression and strengthen emotions. People may love this scent, but not all insects do. It can be used as a mosquito repellent. Does this Spark an idea?

Forms

Sandalwood mosquito repellent can be found in several forms including the popular incense sticks, which last from three to six hours depending on size, or sandalwood sprays and even perfume oils or balms.

Origin

Sandalwood typically comes from Australia (Santalum spicatum), India (Santalum album) or the Pacific (Santalum austrocaladonicum). Sandalwood has been used by many cultures for centuries and was first used to repel mosquitoes by burning the leaves, bark or wood.

Making the Repellent

You can easily make your own mosquito repelling sandalwood perfume oil by adding 10 to 20 drops of sandalwood essential oil to 1 tbsp. of jojoba oil or fractionated coconut oil and apply behind the ears, inner elbows, wrists, backs of knees and ankles.

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Netting Repair For Tents

Tent mesh is an important part of a comfortable camping trip.

At some point, a seasoned camper is likely to find that her tent is in need of repair. As tents are costly and are one of the most important items in a camper's bundle of gear, repairing the tent is often more economical than purchasing a new one. Torn canvas, broken poles and torn window screens are some of the repairs for which a camper should be prepared. Netting is one of the easiest repairs, and can be fixed by using commercial tent repair kits, tape or by completely replacing the screening.

Function

Tents are most commonly made from nylon or lightweight acrylic canvas. The fabric is tightly woven and often sealed to prevent the seepage of water into the tent and to provide protection for gear and occupants from the rays of the sun. Water-tight seams and cloth does not allow the passage of air through tent walls and without windows, tents can become unbearably hot during warm weather. Many tents that are intended for use in warm weather come equipped with window and door flaps that open and close with a zipper. The windows and doors can be zipped closed while occupants change or to keep out cold breezes. The windows and doors also open to allow ventilation.

Significance

Because many camping locations have bugs and animals nearby, tent windows and doors feature a tight mesh sewn into the windows. The netting keeps bugs and small animals out while allowing air into the tent. When the netting is ripped or punctured, animals and insects can find their way in to pester the tent's occupants. Repairing these tears is important to maintaining a healthy and comfortable camping trip.

Identification

A tent window or door netting panel can become torn from excessive use, an accidental puncture or be pulled away from the seams that hold it in place. Punctures and tears are easy to identify, as they usually occur within the inner area of the mesh pane and can be easily seen. Seam tears, however, can be more difficult to identify. Tent seams are covered with multiple layers of fabric to maintain the tent's waterproof quality. Mesh sewn into these seams may tear away due to the tent being folded incorrectly or the window or door mesh being stepped on. These tears are often identified during construction or deconstruction of the tent, or after bugs have found their way in.

Potential

Insects such as mosquitoes and ticks can carry deadly diseases such as West Nile virus, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme disease. Animals such as snakes, raccoons and squirrels can sometimes try to find their way into a tent with ripped or open windows and doors.

Types

A quick fix while on a camping trip is to pull the netting together and tape it in place. Provided that there are no gaps in the netting, taping the mesh works to keep out pests and doesn't significantly reduce airflow through the tent. The results of a taped netting repair can be unsightly, however, and the repair may need to be repeated if the tape gets wet or dries out during storage. Camping supply retailers sell the netting used in tent windows by the yard as well as specialty camping repair kits. The netting can be used to replace the mesh in the entire opening of the tent, or simply cut and glued to the remaining mesh, depending on the severity of the tear. Netting repair kits work on the same principle, and typically contain adhesive to glue the netting patch in place along with a small swatch of netting. These options provide a more attractive repair, and last longer than taping.

Tags: windows doors, camping trip, into tent, repair kits, window door, comfortable camping