Diy Siren

Siren on a firetruck

Sirens are built in many ways. The tones and breaks and pitches are all defined by timing and tapering circuits that create a unique or simulated siren sound. A siren is a common build for beginners in electronic development. There are several kits available that will supply a person with all the necessary parts. Many size and sound variations can be gained after familiarity with the basic simple model is acquired. Gain experience by building the unit and researching available plans online or from electronic guides or resellers. With a little preparation and research, a person can make a very functional police siren.

Instructions

1. Situate the PC card. This PC card should have five pad connection areas. These should be placed so that they are at the bottom of the card.

2. Solder the 47 microfarad (uF) capacitor's positive end to the PC board onto the brass that will link to the 47K capacitor. Observe the polarity, and be sure the negative and positive sides are connected to the right points. Solder the negative end to the far brass piece that holds the five spot on the button pads.

3. Solder the 47K capacitor's positive end to the middle node of the brass piece to which the positive end of the 47uF capacitor attaches. Then solder the negative end to the upper node on the 4 place on the pad area.

4. Solder the .02 uF disc capacitor to the two brass node not being used along the top. There are three brass nodes along the top.

5. Solder the second 47K capacitor to the end of the brass strip with the other 47K capacitor and the second node in the first brass strip on the left side of the PC board.

6. Solder the PNP, black side down, across the three points in the middle of the PC board. This will connect buttons 2 and 3 and the NPN.

7. Solder the NPN transistor to the far center points that link button 1, the upper left brass strip and the PNP. Position the flat side of the NPN down.

8. Wire the completed board at pad points 1 and 2, the first two points from the left. Attach the push button to point 3 and 4 to the right of 1 and 2. Wire and connect the positive end of the 9 volt or 12 volt battery to the 3 spot, which is in the center, and the ground to the 5 spot of the pad area, which is the last node on the right.

9. Depress the button to hear the siren.

Tags: brass strip, brass piece, capacitor brass, capacitor positive, side down, that will

Participate In Civil War Reenactments

Civil War reenactments are similar to plays acting out the battles of American history.

Civil War reenactments occur all across the United States as a way to remember the Civil War and keep history alive. Typically, there are no age limits regarding the participants, although minors will usually need permission from a guardian. Civil War reenactments act out famous scenes and battles from the Civil War. Participants dress in Civil War costumes, use Civil War era supplies and speak using the terms and speech accurate for the time period.

Instructions

1. Look up Civil War reenactments taking place close to your home by reviewing the events calendars on Civil War reenactment websites.

2. Attend a Civil War reenactment to observe how the reenactment operates and network with participants.

3. Decide if you wish to fight for the North or the South in a reenactment.

4. Choose the unit you wish to join. You can either research actual units you admire in the history of the Civil War and then seek out that unit in local reenactments or you can choose a unit from the contact list on Civil War reenactment websites.

5. Email or call the person in charge of the unit you wish to join to inquire about joining and receive the unit supply list. This list, formatted by the unit leader, will tell you what items to bring and what to wear. Some units are stricter than others and may require you to purchase uniforms of a particular fabric and thread count, for example.

6. Research the events of the Civil War, paying special attention to historical accounts of your particular unit. Educate yourself on the speech patterns, terms and slang relative to the era.

Tags: Civil reenactments, Civil reenactment, Civil reenactment websites, history Civil, reenactment websites, unit wish, unit wish join

Buy Mosquito Repellent Plants

Summer means spending time outdoors. Unfortunately, summer is also a prime time for mosquitoes. The pesky, buzzing marauders can do more than ruin an otherwise perfect summer evening, they can also carry disease. Planting some mosquito repellent plants will not only beautify your yard, but will also help keep mosquitoes at bay. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Plant some catnip. The gray-green foliage of ordinary catnip is a powerful mosquito repellent and the blue flowers are lovely to look at.

2. Find some strategic locations in your flower bed for horsemint, a natural mosquito repellent that smells very similar to citronella. This plant will do best in warm climates with sandy soil.

3. Include rosemary in your herb garden. This versatile herb is not only a beautiful addition to your yard and an old favorite for seasoning your food, but is also a great natural mosquito repellent. Rosemary is a native of hot, dry climates, so if you live in a cooler climate, you will have better luck growing it in a pot.

4. Give the mosquitoes a whiff of marigolds. Organic gardeners use marigolds to keep aphids away from vegetable gardens and flower beds, but these bright yellow, orange and gold flowers don't smell very good to mosquitoes either. Marigolds are also easy to grow from seed, making them a great choice for a junior gardener.

5. Compliment your other plants with some lovely blue and white ageratum. The blossoms will look beautiful in your landscape, and although they will smell wonderful to you, the mosquitoes will hate their odor.

Tags: mosquito repellent, natural mosquito, natural mosquito repellent, your yard

Dragonfly Larva And Ponds

Damselflies look like dragonflies.

Many insects lay eggs and spend their larval stage in ponds, puddles, streams and other bodies of water. Mosquitoes are well-known for breeding in ponds with little water flow. Their predators, including dragonflies, also prefer to breed in and around ponds. Making sure your backyard pond encourages dragonflies and other beneficial aquatic insects, instead of pests such as mosquitoes, can improve your property and eliminate nuisances naturally. Does this Spark an idea?

Life Cycle

Female dragonflies lay their eggs near or in the water, often around floating plants. The eggs hatch into nymphs or larvae. Dragonflies can spend several years in the larval stage, catching mosquito larvae, tiny fish and tadpoles and small adult insects. After the nymph stage, the dragonfly climbs up onto a nearby plant, such as a reed, where the air causes it to start breathing and split its skin. The adult dragonfly emerges from the skin and flies off for its first meal. Adult dragonflies feed on airborne insects such as flies, ants, gnats, adult mosquitoes and midges.

Appearance

Dragonfly larvae have large compound eyes in both their adult and larval stages. They vary significantly in size, depending on the species, but all have grasping pincers to catch prey. Most larval dragonflies are brown or green, and blend in with the water and local vegetation. They have six segmented legs and a wide, often oval-shaped abdomen.

Conditions

These insects can breed successfully in even very small ponds. Some species will even lay their eggs in a barrel of water. According to the National Wildlife Federation, however, the ideal dragonfly pond is shallow at the edges and 2 or more feet deep in the middle. The deep water gives dragonfly larvae a place to hide from birds, raccoons and other land-dwelling predators, while the shallow water encourages aquatic plant growth. Avoid ponds with fast-moving water, since dragonflies prefer marshes, still ponds and other slow-moving water sources. Dragonflies do less well in ponds with an existing frog or fish population, since these animals may eat the larvae.

Similar Insects

Ponds suitable for dragonflies are also likely to breed damselflies. These slender insects look a lot like dragonflies, but hold their wings differently when at rest. Damselflies are weaker fliers than dragonflies, but the adults and their larvae are just as effective at destroying mosquito populations. Crane flies, insects that look much like giant mosquitoes, also breed in ponds. Commonly called mosquito hawks, these insects eat mosquitoes only in their larval form. Adult crane flies drink only nectar or do not feed at all.

Tags: ponds with, dragonflies also, larval stage, like dragonflies, look like, look like dragonflies

Repellent Effects Of Ddt

Although DDT is better known for its health side effects, its repellent effects have played an important role in modern history.

What Is DDT?

An insecticide developed in the late 1800's and first utilized during World War II, DDT was used to control insect-borne diseases like malaria and typhus. By 1945, farmers were able to readily purchase the pesticide as an agricultural insecticide.

Moderately toxic, it kills insects by opening sodium ion channels in the brain. This causes neurons to spontaneously fire, which in turn leads to spasms and death. It is hydrophobia and strongly absorbed by soils, remaining in the ground for as long as 30 years after its initial usage.

Successful Repellent

By 1955, the World Health Organization was advocating for increased DDT use in its attempted to eradicate malaria once and for all. Although their program was largely a success in the far east, the Caribbean, the Balkans, northern Africa, Australia and the South Pacific, it became clear that resistance was being built up by insect populations due to its widespread use.

Concerns Mount

Due to the fact that DDT was being used to rid crops of insects en masse, a public health concern soon arose with worries about the insecticide's toxicity. Tests were undertaken that served to prove that the bald eagle population in the United States was suffering, their eggs becoming brittle because of DDT ingestion.

The Bans

1968 saw the first banning of DDT in Hungary, followed shortly by Norway and Sweden in 1970, the U.S. in 1972, and the United Kingdom in 1984. As a vector control, however, DDT's use is still permitted in many countries.

Toxicity

Ingesting DDT in any quantity will place the toxin in the organism's body fat deposits for an unknown period of time. The following organisms have suffered the effects of DDT to date:

1. Crayfish

2. Daphnids

3. Sea Shrimp

4. Cats

5. Amphibians

6. Bald eagles

7. Brown pelicans

8. Peregrine falcons

9. Osprey

10. Waterfowl

11. Song birds

12. Humans

The negative effects observed in human beings include premature birth, early pregnancy loss, low birth weight, low semen quality, and a variety of bodily cancers.

DDT vs. Malaria

Presently, DDT is primarily used as a means to eradicate mosquito populations that cause malaria, one of the world's largest public health challenges. The World Health Organization advocates for house-spraying with DDT in areas of the world where malaria is prevalent, mostly in Africa.

As a result of the adverse effects of the insecticide that are continuing to be determine, however, spraying with alternative pesticides is done whenever possible. Other possible means to control the spread of malaria without DDT include the use of bed nets, mesh screens, mosquito-eating fish, and the constant draining of standing water sources.

Tags: Health Organization, public health, World Health, World Health Organization

Use K+Neem

Use K+Neem to safely control pests in your garden.

Neem oil, the active ingredient in K+Neem, is a natural insecticide and can be used to safely control pests on organically grown plants. The oil is derived from the seeds of the neem tree, a native of India, where it has been known for its medicinal properties for generations. Neem is used as an insecticide in agriculture and gardening. Neem is environmentally friendly and biodegradable. The "K" in the K+Neem refers to the neem being soapified, which turns it into an insecticidal type soap. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Shake or stir the K+Neem concentrate solution thoroughly. The oils present in the solution separate when the bottle is kept in storage. Shaking helps ensure an even distribution of the oils through the solution.

2. Combine one part K+Neem solution with 50 parts water and stir the mixture thoroughly. This combination is equivalent to approximately 2.5 oz. of K+Neem solution mixed into 1 gallon of water.

3. Pour the combined water and K+Neem mixture into a spray applicator.

4. Spray the mixture onto a single leaf on each type of plant you are targeting. Wait 24 hours to see if the plant sustains any damage from the oil. Some plants can be damaged or killed by the oils present in K+Neem, so test each plant's sensitivity by applying a small amount of the mixture.

5. Wait until evening to treat plants that receive direct sunlight. Avoid applying K+Neem to plants in direct sunlight, since a longer drying time improves the oil's effectiveness. Treat indoor plants out of direct sunlight during the day.

6. Apply K+Neem by thoroughly spraying leaves and branches of infested plants. The oils in the solution should form a thin layer on both sides of all plant leaves and branches.

7. Re-apply K+Neem on a weekly basis.

Tags: direct sunlight, control pests, leaves branches, Neem solution, oils present, plants direct, plants direct sunlight

Make A Screen Porch From An Existing Deck

Can You Make a Screen Porch From an Existing Deck?

Screen porches are patios or decks with roofs, providing comfortable outdoor living spaces that allow air and sunlight in, while keeping troublesome insects out. Vigo County Indiana's Extension Service notes that screen porches can play an important role in protecting humans and household pets from the hazards of mosquitoes.

Adding a screen porch to an existing deck is relatively straightforward; you need to decide on design, ensure structural integrity and check local regulations. Does this Spark an idea?

Design

Spend some time thinking about the design of your screen porch. Consider the way you and your family will use the space, as recommended by Tim Carter at Ask The Builder. If you plan to do a lot of outdoor entertaining, you may want to have a low wall topped with screens and an overhanging roofline to help keep rain off your porch. If your porch will be used to store equipment or as a place where pets will spend time, screens that flow from ceiling to floor may be appropriate.

Designs can be as simple and inexpensive as spacing vertical two-by-fours equally around the deck and bolting them into place, supported by horizontally placed two-by-fours between the uprights. Screen mesh can be stretched between the two-by-fours and stapled to the wood, or you can build simple frames for your screen mesh and nail these to the two-by-fours.

Build a more elaborate screen porch from bricks or concrete blocks that are used as the uprights and secured to the deck with rebar, then mortared into place. Frames for the screen mesh can be fitted securely between the uprights and caulked into place. Build the frames yourself from wood, or purchase ready-made window frames.

Build your roof from plywood laid across the uprights at an angle to ensure good water run-off. Cover them with roofing felt and asphalt tiles nailed into place. The interior of the roof becomes the porch's ceiling, and can be painted, or texturized and painted, depending upon your preference. A more complex alternative involves creating a pitched roof with an A-frame support that is covered with plywood and roofing tiles. Extend the pitch to blend with your existing roofline, creating a more formal, permanent look for your screen porch.

Structural Integrity

Before you begin building your screen porch, check your deck to ensure it needs no repairs. Also be sure that your deck has enough structural integrity to hold the weight of your screen porch and its roof. If you are uncertain, contact your local lumber yard or builder's supply company. They will help you assess your deck's strength and any improvements it might need, and help you determine the type and quantity of materials you will need.

Regulations

Check with your local city and municipal regulatory authorities and your homeowners association (if any) to determine whether or not you need permits or permission to build a screen porch.

Tags: screen porch, your screen, into place, your screen porch, your deck

Keep A Kiddie Pool Clean

Keep a Kiddie Pool Clean

With the smaller-sized kiddie pools (the ones that hold perhaps 30 gallons or so), it is fairly easy to just empty out the pool every day and then spend a few minutes filling it up with fresh water every time you want to use it. With the larger-sized inflatables, however, this is considerably more of a time-consuming chore—and can make for some astronomical water bills, as the largest inflatable pool available holds over 700 gallons! If you'd prefer to just fill your kiddie pool and then let it stay filled for a while, you'll have to do a little maintenance on it to keep the water clean, just like you would with a "real" pool.

Instructions

1. Skim the leaves and dead bugs out of your pool on a regular basis. You can use a pool net for this purpose, or even purchase an inexpensive butterfly-type net. Enlist your kids as pool skimmers and get a special net for each of them. With luck, they may even come to think of this as another fun game to play in the pool.

2. Look for a cover that will fit your pool. If you have a round pool that is 8, 10 or even 12 feet in diameter, you can use the same types of covers that are sold to fit the "quick set" type of portable pools. You can also purchase covers that will fit rectangular kiddie pools.

3. "Shock" your pool with a chlorine treatment. You can purchase this from a pool supply store, but the cheapest, easiest way is to use good old chlorine bleach. The correct amount to use comes out to about 1/4 tsp. of bleach for every 10 gallons of water, so if you have one of the larger-sized pools this comes out to 2 1/2 tsp. for every 100 gallons of water.

4. Drain your pool periodically despite using the above methods. This will get rid of all of the leaf and bug debris, dead skin cells and any other "accidents" that may have happened in the pool. If you have an exceptionally large pool, you may find that the easiest way to drain the water out is to deflate the pool, and this will make it easier for you to move it to a different location in your yard as well, should you choose to do so.

Tags: your pool, covers that, every gallons, every gallons water, gallons water

Control Mosquitoes In Yards With Drainage Pipes

Drain pipes can become breeding grounds for mosquitos.

The pipe system that drains rainwater from your roof might have water sitting in it, creating a perfect breeding ground for mosquitoes. Careful attention is required to help avoid the disease-spreading, pests from laying eggs in the standing water inside your pipes. It doesn't take a lot of money to keep your yard mosquito-free. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Ensure that your drainage pipe is properly installed. Hire a professional to evaluate it, if you aren't sure. A drainage pipe that is improperly installed holds more water, making it a more likely breeding ground for mosquitoes.

2. Cut a piece of pantyhose material large enough to stretch over the opening at the bottom of your pipe. Secure in place with a rubber band. This will keep female adult mosquitoes from entering to lay their eggs in water in the pipe.

3. Hang a mosquito dunk, made from bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, in the corrugated pipe underground that your drainage pipes drain into. These are doughnut-shaped. Tie a string around one and drop it into the pipe, then stake the other end of the string so that it won't get washed away with the water. The bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis is a naturally occurring bacteria that inhibits mosquitoes and is nontoxic.

Tags: bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, breeding ground, breeding ground mosquitoes, drainage pipe, ground mosquitoes

Decoration Ideas For Two Toddlers In A Bedroom

Get creative when you plan bedroom decor for two children.

When you have two toddlers, sometimes it's impossible for both of them to have their own room. However, you can make sharing a room a positive experience by choosing the right decor. Even though toddlers are young, they are definitely beginning to develop their own personalities. Create a space in an area of the room for each child. Does this Spark an idea?

Decor Theme

Select a theme for the toddlers' bedroom. If the toddlers like the same thing, then you can get away with having the same theme across the entire bedroom. For example, if two toddler boys like trains, decorate the room with a train theme. However, you might have a toddler girl and boy who like completely different things sharing the same room. In that case, separate the room in half using paint. For example, paint one half blue and decorate it with a sports theme. Paint the other half pink and decorate it with a princess theme. That way, the toddlers will feel like they each have their own room.

Furniture

Many parents might be inclined to let the children share a bed, a dresser and other furniture. In a small room, you might not have another option. If you have the space, though, consider choosing different furniture for the two children. For example, select a red bed for one toddler and a blue bed for another. You could also select furniture with the same wood stain, but in different styles. Choose two dressers and other furniture pieces that you need and place them on the different sides of the room.

Entertainment

If you have two toddlers, it makes sense that they will be sharing some toys and other forms of entertainment. If you have large toys, a television or something else in the bedroom that the toddlers will be sharing, place it in a neutral area. If the room is clearly divided, place the shared items on the dividing line.

Storage

Toddlers need a lot of room for storage, what with all of their toys, clothing and other items. When two toddlers are sharing the same room, even more storage is necessary so that the space does not become cluttered. Choose storage bins to place underneath the beds. Alternatively, purchase cube-shaped shelving for each side of the room. That way, the toddlers can place items that are exclusively theirs on the shelves, and you can display other items, such as books or pictures.

Tags: area room, decorate with, have their, have their room, have toddlers, might have, other furniture

Identify A Queen Wasp

Queen wasps look like bigger versions of worker wasps.

Queen wasps are the center of a wasp nest, and the rest of the wasps in a colony exist to feed and care for her. She is the only female in a colony able to lay eggs, so the colony's survival depends upon her. Queen wasps look basically the same as worker wasps, making it difficult to identify them. However, some basic knowledge of the life cycle of a wasp gives you all the information you need to recognize a queen wasp when you see one. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Note the time of year. If it is early spring, any living wasp you see is a queen wasp -- queens are the only wasps that survive the autumn, and new worker wasps do not hatch from their eggs until later in the season.

2. Approach the wasp in question carefully and compare it to other wasps. Queen wasps and worker wasps look alike except for their size: queens are noticeably bigger. If you can see multiple wasps and one is clearly bigger than the others, she is the queen.

3. Identify a queen in the fall by looking for solitary wasps. The queen departs her nest at the end of the summer, so none of the insects remaining in a hive or swarm during the fall are the queen.

4. Identify a queen in the winter by finding a dormant wasp. The rest of the nest is dead, so any living wasp is a queen. She hibernates, or overwinters, in a small, dry space, such as inside a rotting tree trunk or under wooden trim in a house. If you see a solitary, overwintering wasp in the winter, it is a queen.

Tags: Queen wasps, worker wasps, queen Identify, wasps look, Identify queen, living wasp

Dalmatian Chrysanthemum

Dalmatian chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) form an attractive garden plant, with their white, daisy-like flowers, and are the source of the organic insecticide, pyrethrum. Although they don't look much like typical chrysanthemums, cultivation is similar. Does this Spark an idea?

Climate and Soil Conditions

Dalmatian chrysanthemums produce most pyrethrum in high altitudes of tropical climates. However, they are tolerant of a range of conditions. In the United States and other temperate countries they grow best in a mild climate. They concentrate most pyrethrum in dry, lime-rich and fast draining soil. Plant the species in full sun. Although Dalmatian chrysanthemums can tolerate temperatures down to minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit, in colder regions it is advisable to mulch the plants heavily for winter.

Care

Basic care consists of continuous weeding, as this species is overwhelmed easily by fast growing native species. Watering rarely is necessary except during very dry spells. Extra phosphorus can increase the concentration of pyrethrum, but other fertilizers have little effect. Watch out for thrips on the plants and treat if they are present in abnormally large numbers. Chrysanthemums deter most pests with their own natural defenses.

Harvesting

To make use of the insecticide properties of this species, harvest your own supply. Collect flowers during a hot, dry period. Select fully opened flowers rather than buds. When picked, spread them out on a tray and let them dry in a warm room. Turn the flowers occasionally. When they are fully dry and crisp to the touch, you can turn them into a mild insecticide.

Insecticide Extraction and Use

Store the flowers until needed in a dry place. To prepare an insecticide, crush the flowers to a powder between your gloved fingers or with the aid of a mortar and pestle, which shouldn't be used for culinary purposes afterwards. Mix the powder with water to form a spray. Soak ½ to 1 oz of the crushed flowers in about 10 pints of water for three hours. Use the spray as soon as possible.

Precautions

Although organic, homemade pyrethrum insecticides still are toxic, especially to aquatic life. Do not use your dust or spray anywhere near ponds. Also, be careful when spraying that you do not kill all the beneficial insects on a plant as well as the pests. Picking off ladybugs beforehand helps, as does targeted spraying. Rather than indiscriminately spraying your entire garden, focus on the areas of particularly high aphid or other pest infestation.

Tags: Dalmatian chrysanthemums, most pyrethrum, this species, with their

Bug Sprays For Vegetable Gardens

Insect control can be a challenge for gardeners.

Insect control is an ongoing issue in vegetable gardens. While some bugs are beneficial, others cause serious damage to crops, so it's important to recognize potential pests and know manage them. Does this Spark an idea?

Chemicals

A number of insecticides are available to help eliminate troublesome insects. Common sprays include carbaryl for cutworms, cucumber beetles, corn borers, asparagus beetles and leafhoppers; esfenvalerate for asparagus beetles, armyworms, loopers and melon aphids; permethrin for potato aphids, onion thrips, corn earworms and cabbage aphids; and cyfluthrin for tomato hornworms and fruitworms, leafminers and green peach aphids.

Soaps

Insecticidal soaps are an alternative, nonchemical approach to controlling some soft-bodied pests. Aphids, earwigs, adult Japanese beetles and spider mites can be controlled with soaps; however, soap solutions must be sprayed directly on insects to be effective.

Considerations

Always check the label when using insecticides and follow the directions carefully. Chemical sprays are toxic to humans so proper usage is imperative. Organic pest control methods are safer and can be effective, such as rotating crops yearly, attracting predatory insects and planting vegetation that deters pests nearby.

Tags: asparagus beetles, Insect control

Cleaning Blood From Hardwood Floor

Cleaning Blood From Hardwood Floor

Mop up the blood

When cleaning blood from a hardwood floor, it's imperative to treat the area as soon as possible. Blood can soak into hardwood floors, particularly the small cracks between the planks. Once it dries, it can be difficult to wipe clean.

Before starting the cleaning process, make sure to don a pair of gloves. It's important to protect the hands when dealing with blood because the blood can cause infections if it comes into contact with any open wounds or scratches. Soak up the blood with paper towels, then wipe the area clean with a paper towel dampened with cold water. Dry the floor with a towel. If there is blood in the cracks between the boards, use a damp cotton swab to clean it up.

Treating a persistent stain

If the stain persists, try filling a bucket with cold water and adding some hardwood floor cleaner (such as Murphy Oil Soap) to the bucket. Mop the area with the solution, making sure the mop is just barely damp. Standing water can damage hardwood flooring. Repeat this process several times as it may take a few tries to purge the blood stain from the wood flooring. Dry the area with a towel when finished.

Disinfect the area

After cleaning up blood, it's important to sanitize the area. Treat the floor with a disinfectant recommended for hardwood flooring and does not contain bleach, as bleach can permanently discolor the wood. Though commercial sanitizers can be risky when it comes to hardwood, mopping the floor with a mixture of vinegar, baking soda and water would certainly work, especially if the floor has been thoroughly cleaned first.

Tags: floor with, area with, Blood From, Blood From Hardwood, cleaning blood, Cleaning Blood From

Make Your Own Mosquito Spray For Horses

A simple homemade spray can protect your horse from mosquitoes.

Pesky mosquitoes inflict us with itchy welts, but they also can spread malaria and other diseases. You wouldn't venture into mosquito-infested areas without proper protection, and neither should your horse. Mosquitoes can spread Eastern equine encephalitis, a disease that affects horses' central nervous system. You can easily protect your equine friend against mosquito-borne diseases by making an effective homemade repellent that doesn't contain harsh chemicals.

Instructions

Measure and Mix Ingredients

1. Measure each ingredient and mix all of them together in a mixing bowl.

2. Stir the ingredients.

3. Use a spray bottle to disperse the repellent.

Pour the mixture into a spray bottle.

4. Shake the bottle and spray the repellent on a small part of your horse's body, avoiding its eyes and nostrils.

5. Examine the place where you sprayed your horse after 24 hours. If the skin looks normal, without any signs of allergic irritation, spray the entire body of your horse, again avoiding its nostrils and eyes.

Tags: your horse, protect your, spray bottle

Pros & Cons Of Organic Agriculture

Organic farming is the oldest method of framing on the Earth.

Iowa State University's website on the subject of organic farming states that it is the oldest type of farming on the Earth. However, it has also become one of the "fastest growing segments of U.S. agriculture," states the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Organic food is popular for a number of reasons: people are concerned with health and nutrition, the possible harmful effects of genetically engineered food, effects of pesticides and insecticides. Many desire to contribute to a better environment.

What constitutes "organic" is defined by law, and while organic agriculture is gaining popularity, it has both pros and cons.

Pro: Better for Soil

Organic farming does utilize modern equipment, but produces food that contributes to greater environmental harmony.

Organic agriculture has become popular among many who wish to contribute to farming practices that help to restore, maintain or enhance ecological harmony. The focus is on not only producing natural foods, but on optimizing both the health and productivity of the interdependent communities of soil life, plants, animals and people. The health benefits of organic foods extend to both the consumer and to the environment.

Organic farming utilizes techniques such as crop rotation and letting ground lie fallow for a season, in order to maximize the usefulness of the soil. This results in less soil loss and contamination.

Con: Smaller Crop Yield

The introduction of high-yield, non-organic methods of farming in the 1960s is said to have helped India to stave off mass starvation, and feed its people, states Daniel Pepper in U.S. News and World Report in the article, "The Toxic Consequences of the Green Revolution." However, use of chemicals in traditional farming have created health risks and environmental damage and about 5 percent of India's farmers have gone organic.

Some, however, feel that widespread use of organic farming is impractical and that it can result in further food shortage due to smaller crop yields. This can be especially accentuated in countries such as India, with high populations and where it can be difficult to feed everyone.

Additionally, some question whether there are tangible benefits to the environment through organic farming.

Con: Higher Cost

While organically produced food is considered to be more healthy, it is also more costly.

Food produced organically typically has a higher price than nonorganic food. Many are willing to pay the extra cost for organic food. For some on a stricter budget, it can be cost-prohibitive. It is unlikely that in today's market that will change in the near future.

So for now, those who wish to be part of a upward movement that most likely has the potential for contributing both to a healthier lifestyle, and a healthier environment, it's necessary to fork out a little extra in the way of green, to pay the price for what some consider to be a luxury item.

Pro: Health

Organic agriculture uses all-natural methods of farming, without pesticides, herbicides or insecticides. Food produced organically is considered safer for humans from the undesirable effects of man-made chemicals. For example, research on organic milk has shown that it has more anti-oxidants, omega 3 and vitamins than non organic milk.

Tags: organic farming, Food produced, Food produced organically, methods farming, Organic agriculture, Organic farming, organic milk

Which Fish Are Compatible With Lionhead Orandas

Orandas are fancy goldfish like this fantail.

First noted in 17th century China, the lionhead oranda is distinguished from the oranda by its lack of a dorsal fin. This slow-swimming fancy goldfish has the constricted body shape of the exotic types. Growing to almost a foot when mature, these long-lived fish continue to develop the head growth, or wen, as they age. Due to their feeding needs and heavy-bodies, goldfish need large, wide filtered aquariums (10 gallons to each mature fish) to thrive. This fish should only be kept with other cold water fish.

Fancy Goldfish

Orandas are slow-swimming fish that might have trouble competing for food with other faster tank mates. Each fish is an individual so watching the fish interact is crucial to successful pairings. Other fancy fish that are compatible are ranchus, fantails, moors, celestials or ryukins. There are many varieties of these stout bodied, and often fan or multitailed fish.

Slim/Natural goldfish

Long-bodied goldfish such as shubunkins, comets or common goldfish can live with lionheads. Watch the fish to be sure they do not out-compete the lionhead for food or harass the fish by chasing or bumping.

White Cloud Minnows

These flashy multicolored minnows are from fast flowing streams in China. Growing to less than 2 inches, these fish are docile and attractive swimming in groups and creating movement in the center column of the tank. The males exhibit an interesting mating dance. They are good tank-mates for lionheads and would pose no issue concerning aggression or harassment.

Pond Fish

If the aquarium is large -- more than 150 gallons -- koi can be kept with lionheads. Koi grow to more than two feet and as these fish mature they will need to be transferred to a pond. Lionheads can live in a pond in warm regions or be brought indoors in winter. Golden orfe are also a good choice. These fast-swimming, schooling fish are delicate for their 20-inch size but are very sensitive to deteriorating water quality. Wild-type guppies, or mosquito fish, are small fish under 3 inches long. They are suitable lionhead companions in a tank or pond.

Tags: fish that, kept with, more than, these fish, with lionheads

Use Bayer Advanced Garden Multiinsect Killer

Bayer Advanced Garden Multi-Insect Killer will get rid of ants in your lawn.

Bayer Advanced Garden Multi-Insect Killer is a ready-to-spray insecticide that kills on contact. You can use it on vegetables, shrubs, lawns and flowers to get rid of a variety of insects. The active ingredient, cyfluthrin (the chemical name for Tempo) kills ants, ticks, spiders, bagworms, fleas, hornworms, thrips and more. Bayer Advanced Garden Multi-Insect Killer is rainproof in one hour, and 1 gallon will cover 1,000 square feet. How you apply this pesticide depends on what areas of your lawn or garden you are treating. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Prepare to apply Bayer Advanced Garden Multi-Insect Killer in the early morning or late evening. This will keep the product away from bees, which are essential to pollination. Do not spray this pesticide into ponds, lakes, streams or fish pools.

2. Remove any dishes used for feeding animals before you start the application. Pets and children should not be allowed in the areas you have treated until the spray is dry.

3. Shake the bottle of Bayer Advanced Garden Multi-Insect Killer well to distribute the ingredients.

4. Connect the bottle to your garden hose. Both the hose and the blue water control valve on top of the Bayer bottle should be in the "Off" position.

5. Turn on your hose at the spigot. If you are spraying for lawn pests, turn the star-shaped control button so the "L" is aligned with the top of the control valve and the valve is aligned with the flat portion of the lock tab. If you are spraying for other pests, turn the button to "G." Then push the button in to open.

6. Point the nozzle of your bottle toward the area you want to treat, then turn the blue valve to the "On" position. Start in the farthest point of the area you are treating, then work backward toward the faucet. Do not step into wet areas you have already sprayed.

7. Spray the undersides of leaves, new shoots and foliage thoroughly. Coat the leaves evenly, but not so heavily that they drip.

8. Spray carrots, radish, sweet corn and tomatoes no more than five times per season. You can spray these vegetables until harvest time.

9. Spray peppers up to one week before harvest time. Do not spray peppers more than six times in one growing season.

10. Spray sunflowers up to 30 days before harvest time, and no more than three times each season.

11. Wait to mow your lawn at least one day after you've applied Bayer Advanced Garden Multi-Insect Killer.

12. Wait at least one hour after application to water all grass, shrubs and ornamentals.

Tags: Advanced Garden, Bayer Advanced, Bayer Advanced Garden, Advanced Garden Multi-Insect, Garden Multi-Insect, Garden Multi-Insect Killer, Multi-Insect Killer

Homemade Vanilla Mosquito Spray

Vanilla oil can give homemade mosquito spray an appealing scent.

Every summer, the mosquitoes come out and you find yourself in the middle of the swarm. Mosquito repellents prevent the pests from pestering, but they contain chemicals you might not want soaking into your skin on a regular basis. Homemade mosquito sprays with vanilla not only smell great, but they are a more natural way to avoid becoming a mass of bites. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Pour a cup of grain alcohol into a glass jar. Grain alcohol is available at your local package liquor store.

2. Add 2 1/2 tsp. of essential oils to the alcohol. Essential oils are those derived from plants; the scent of the oils is unpleasant to the mosquitos and drives the bugs away. Oils from the lemon eucalyptus or citronella plants are ideal repellents; basil, rosemary, pine or cedarwood oils are also mosquito dectractors. Use one or several oils combined for the entire 2 1/2-tsp. measure.

3. Place a few drops of vanilla oil in the jar. Sniff the homemade mosquito spray to determine how strong of a vanilla smell you want, and add more oil if desired. If you do not have or cannot find vanilla oil, use vanilla abstract.

4. Cover the jar tightly and shake the contents until all ingredients are well-incorporated.

5. Pour the homemade vanilla mosquito spray into a plastic spray jar and spritz yourself as needed. Dab some of the repellent onto your hands and apply it to your face instead of spraying, to avoid eye irritation.

Tags: mosquito spray, homemade mosquito, homemade mosquito spray

Eliminate Bot Eggs

Eliminate bot fly eggs from your horse's coat to protect him from these internal parasites.

There are three different species of bot flies (genus Gasterophilus), but all three species are internal horse parasites. Bot flies typically lay tiny yellow eggs on individual hairs during the warm days of late summer and early fall. Although the largest concentration of these eggs tends to be on the horse's lower inner foreleg areas, they can also be found on the animal's belly, shoulders, flanks and even in mane hairs. The benign appearance of bot eggs belies the danger they harbor. Your horse will lick the egg-infested areas, causing the larvae to hatch immediately. The horse will swallow the newly-hatched bot larvae, which will migrate to the gastrointestinal tract and settle in to wreak their havoc. Fortunately for the horse owner, it's relatively easy to eliminate bot eggs from your horse's life.

Instructions

1. Lead your horse to an area well away from the pasture, stall, and places where animals eat to avoid further bot fly contamination. A gravel or asphalt driveway works well for this. Secure the horse as you would for routine grooming purposes.

2. Inspect your horse's coat and mane carefully for the presence of bot eggs. Pay particularly close attention to the animal's legs, flanks, shoulders, throat, chin, lips, and the undersides of its jaws.

3. Saturate a rag with warm vinegar. Press it to a bot fly egg-infested spot on your horse and hold it there for about 30 seconds. The damp warmth will cause the larvae to hatch, and the vinegar will kill them. This home remedy will destroy a great many of the bot larvae and will help to keep fallen eggs from infecting other livestock.

4. Shave the eggs from the horse's hairs with a disposable plastic safety razor.

5. Repeat the process to remove any newly arrived bot eggs as needed throughout the remainder of the summer and fall.

6. Treat your horse with a boticide such as Ivermectin 30 days after the first killing frost in your area. This will effectively break the bot fly's reproductive cycle and eliminate the parasites from your pet.

Tags: eggs from, your horse, from your, eggs from your, from your horse, horse coat

Bug Resistant Vegetable Plants

A home vegetable garden provides fresh and healthy food for your family.

For thousands of years, gardeners have waged war on the hungry insects that feed on and destroy vegetable crops. One way to combat bugs in the garden is to select plants that deter certain insects near the plants which attract them. This practice is known as companion planting. Does this Spark an idea?

Garlic

Garlic sprouting

Garlic is highly effective in evicting unwanted insects from vegetable gardens. It repels Japanese beetles, aphids, weevils, spider mites and fruit tree borers. Many plants may benefit from proximity to garlic.

Horseradish

Horseradish deters potato bugs. For this reason, it may be planted near potato crops. Horseradish may also benefit asparagus, strawberries and raspberries.

Nasturtiums

Nasturtium in bloom

Nasturtiums are fragrant and edible orange flowers which are often added to salads. Planting nasturtiums near pumpkins or squash guards those plants against aphids, squash bugs and striped pumpkin beetles.

Onions

Onions repel carrot rust flies. They may be planted alongside rows of carrots for this reason.

Parsley and Borage

Borage flowers

The aromatic herb parsley repulses asparagus beetles. Planted near asparagus plants, it provides a fragrant shield of protection. Borage, an herb eaten as a green vegetable in Europe, bulwarks tomatoes from the ravages of tomato hornworms.

Radishes

Radish roots

Radishes protect cucumbers against the deadly and destructive cucumber beetle.

Tags: this reason

Use A Ridabug Fogger

The Rid-A-Bug fogger kills roaches and other crawling insects when activated indoors.

Rid-A-Bug Fogger is an insecticide fogger for home use. A fogger is an aerosol can of insecticide that allows the user to activate the spray nozzle in order not to have to stay in range of its harmful fumes while the pesticide is dispensed throughout the area being treated. According to its manufacturer, Chemsico, it kills both flying and crawling insects such as roaches, fleas, ticks, spiders, houseflies, mosquitoes, small flying moths, silverfish, crickets, beetles, ants and wasps. One can is sufficient for an entire room up to 25 feet by 30 feet with an 8-foot ceiling. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Make sure children and pets leave the area that is to be treated and tightly cover or remove any fish tanks or bowls. Cover or remove any exposed food or food storage containers. Shut off all running electrical appliances, as well as any sources of heat or flame such as heaters or stove pilot lights. Close all doors and windows.

2. Open all cabinets and interior, pantry or closet doors. Close all exterior doors and all windows.

3. Protect the surface in the center of the room on which you will place the fogger by covering it with layers of newspaper or paper towels; you can use a table or stand or place the fogger directly on the floor. Cover all wood surfaces such as wood floors or furniture in the area near the fogger with newspapers.

4. Shake the fogger can well. Activate the fogger by tilting the top of the can away from you and pressing down on the trigger until it locks into place.

5. Set the can upright on the newspapers or paper toweling and leave the room for at least two hours.

6. Return to the room after at least two hours have elapsed and open all doors and windows. Turn on your air conditioner or several fans for at least 30 minutes to air out the room.

7. Use the treated area as you normally would. Dispose of the empty can of Rid-A-Bug fogger by placing it in the trash or recycling bin for pickup depending upon laws in your area.

8. Repeat the process every two to four weeks as necessary.

Tags: doors windows, crawling insects, least hours, place fogger, Rid-A-Bug fogger

Build Effective Teams In The Workplace

Building effective teams in the workplace starts from the moment decisions related to hiring are set in motion, and continue throughout the developmental processes of a department and organization. Achieving a successful balance of employee skills, knowledge and experience requires a good deal of effort and finesse. Succeeding in building effective teams in your workplace can provide the spark needed for the company to excel now and well into the future.

Instructions

1. Lay the ground rules with a team charter. A team charter will help establish the short- and long-term goals for the team, provide a chain of command for authoritative and leadership purposes and identify the composition of the team. Identifying the composition of the team represents an important step in forming an effective team. Make sure all employees selected as team members fulfill a specific need for the team by matching individual skills and knowledge with specific tasks and duties required to reach team goals.

2. Train all employees on their responsibilities and job duties as part of the team. Once you have identified employees and assigned them a team role, you need to provide them with the resources and training necessary to excel. Encourage active and open communication by offering all team members an opportunity to request additional training or clarification on their roles and responsibilities as needed.

3. Evaluate progress on a continual basis and realign if necessary. Communicate known issues and difficulties with the team and encourage them to participate in solving team problems. Provide each team member with feedback on his contributions to the team through the use of individual performance reviews. This will allow you to identify any areas of weakness and make adjustments as needed. For instance, perhaps the team has provided a specific individual a chance to showcase skills and knowledge not previously known to management and colleagues. This knowledge can provide an opportunity to assign additional duties or responsibilities to the employee that can help the team move toward a goal.

4. Identify your needs when bringing on new employees and look to fill roles left open through promotion, retirement or other employee attrition. Once your team is operating in an efficient manner, bringing the right employees on board is essential to the continued smooth operation of the team.

Tags: skills knowledge, composition team, team charter, team members, with team

What Is The Best Way To Keep Mosquitoes Away From Your Patio

Mosquito bites not only itch, but can spread disease and pathogens.

Mosquitoes can ruin an afternoon on your patio in a hurry. Female mosquitoes, in particular, bite and are responsible for leaving itchy, red blemishes. There are numerous options available to you for keeping them away, with some working better than others. What method is best depends entirely on personal preference. Does this Spark an idea?

Citronella

Citronella has been approved by the Environmental Protection Agency as a repellent against mosquitoes and other flying insects. It typically comes in the form of candles that can be placed on a patio. They give off the strong citronella scent when lit, which purportedly keeps mosquitoes at bay by masking the scent of human breath. They are effective against mosquitoes, but there is no guarantee they will stay out of the area. It is best used for large, open areas that need a wide area of protection. However, it will only work for as long as the candles are burning and will do little to deter mosquitoes permanently. Citronella candles and torches are the best option if you want temporary large-scale protection during picnics or other patio outings.

Misting Systems

Home misting systems are an effective yet costly way to keep mosquitoes from your patio for short periods of time, but are not quite as useful in the long run. They work by expelling an insecticide like pyrethrin into the air via tubes and misters connected to a drum of the substance. It kills mosquitoes on contact, but does not serve as a repellent so there's nothing to stop another wave of insects from attacking shortly after the first have been killed. Insecticides are safe as long as they are used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. The price for these systems vary, but expect to pay around $2500. They are the most viable option for those who have severe mosquito swarms that citronella candles can't keep away.

Mosquito Nets

Mosquito netting may be the most effective way to keep mosquitoes away from your loved ones, but are impractical for large, open patios. The netting is a net of very fine mesh with holes too small for mosquitoes and other flying insects to pass through yet large enough to allow for sufficient airflow. They may be placed around your patio's table areas to keep unwanted mosquitoes out. Some are laced with insecticides to kill pests that try to break through it. Mosquito nets are the best choice if you're staying in a small, confined area.

General Prevention

The best way to keep mosquitoes away from your patio is to prevent them entirely. They require standing water to lay their eggs, so remove any receptacle on or around your patio that could harbor it. This includes trash cans, empty pots and buckets. Keep your pool pump on as much as possible so the water circulates and deters mosquitoes and drain your kiddie pool between uses.

What Doesn't Work

Bug zappers are a popular choice for mosquito elimination on patios during evening hours but sbe rather ineffective. They work by drawing flying insects in with a bright light then zapping them on an electrified grid. Studies show that less than one-quarter of bugs killed with bug zappers are actually biting insects and that yards equipped with them do not show any significant difference in mosquito numbers as yards without them. Ultrasonic devices are advertised to give off a high-pitched ring that drives mosquitoes away but studies show that these are not effective.

Tags: flying insects, from your, mosquitoes away, your patio, against mosquitoes, around your, around your patio

Prevent Mosquitoes In A Rain Barrel

Rain barrel protection is easy.

The best defense is a good offense, so take a couple of simple steps to secure your rain barrel from mosquitoes and other debris before you put it in use. If you don't take precautions you will get mosquitoes, which means you'll have to dump out all harvested water and disinfect the rain barrel or use a biological control to kill the young mosquitoes. When kept free of debris, your rain barrel will conserve water resources and cut down on your watering bill. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Measure the diameter of your rain barrel lid with a measuring tape.

2. Draw a circle that's just slightly smaller than the lid's diameter onto the mesh screen, approximately 3/4 to 1/8 inch smaller than the diameter of the lid. Cut the circle using scissors.

3. Tape the mesh to the underside if your rain barrel lid using electrical tape. Not only will this keep mosquitoes from getting into your rain barrel, but it will also screen out leaves, pollen and other debris that could contaminate your harvest.

4. Leave the lid on your rain barrel at all times, harvesting water from the spigot at the bottom of the rain barrel. When you open the lid, you run the risk of allowing contaminants inside the barrel.

5. Inspect both the screen and the rain barrel once a month for signs of damage or mosquito invasion. If your screen rips (which is unlikely), you will need to replace it.

6. Use only rain barrels that have an overflow valve near the top, which drains excess water out when the barrel is full. A barrel without this valve can collect water on top of the screen and the lid, which may lead mosquitoes to breed in the lid area.

7. Treat any signs of mosquito invasion with a biological mosquito control product, such as those offered by Aquabarrel (see Resources). The tablets kill any mosquitoes in your rain barrel with a biological compound that won't harm your plants.

Tags: your rain, your rain barrel, rain barrel, rain barrel, barrel will, barrel with

The Ten Most Common Fruits In Minnesota

Berry farms are found across the state.

Minnesota is known as the "Star of the North," and is pretty cold in the northern parts, even in summer when highs typically don't get beyond 60 degrees F. Growing seasons can be a bit shorter than other states, however Minnesota manages to successfully grow a number of fruit trees and bushes. One thing is certain; there's no shortage of water for plants, with the annual rainfall. The land itself has 13,136,357 measured acres of surface water. Several berries make the top 10 common fruits list, as do a number of stone fruits; these can be found at local markets, fruit stands or grown in your own garden. Does this Spark an idea?

Cherries and Plums

You can find apples at a farmers markets or grow them yourself.

The Mt. Royal European Plum and several hybrids can be found and grown in Minnesota. Hybrid varieties include Superior, Alderman, Underwood, Pipestone and LaCrescent. The cherries are all tart varieties, most of which are Meteor, Mesabi and Northstar. If you plan to grow any of these, you'll need "at least two cultivars of each fruit in the planting, since each cultivar requires pollen from a different cultivar for fruit set," as directed by the University of Minnesota Extension program.

Apples and Pears

Certain types of plums grow well in Minnesota.

Several different types of apples and pears are commonly found in Minnesota, though grocery stores have imported types not locally grown, such as Asian pears or Bartlett and Bosc. These are not hardy enough to grow in the state, but pears that do well include Parker, Ure and Luscious pears and McIntosh, State Fair, Regent and Honeycrisp apples. Crabapples found locally are Chestnut, Centennial and Whitney.

Apricots and Currants

Two types of apricot are the main ones grown in Minnesota, both of which were developed by the University of Minnesota: Moongold and Sungold. Apricots can be found fresh or dried at farmers markets and other local stores. Currants, closely related to gooseberries, can be found in red, white and black varieties. These grow on canes, and the best types found in the state are Consort, Perfection, Viking and Red Lake.

Berries

Some people grow their own apricots.

Almost all berries grow in Minnesota. You'll find raspberries, strawberries, blueberries, blackberries and cranberries. These make up the remaining most-common fruits in the state. Many school programs use these fruits for growing projects, especially strawberries which are the most popular in the U.S. A number of different berries grow wild throughout Minnesota, too; whether you pick them wild or grow your own, they are popularly used for making jams and jellies.

Tags: berries grow, farmers markets, grown Minnesota, University Minnesota

Make Pyrethrum Spray For Birds

Make Pyrethrum Spray for Birds

Pyrethrum is an organic, environmentally friendly insecticide made from dried African chrysanthemum flowers crushed into a powder. The powder is toxic to most pests, including ants, roaches, fleas and spiders, poisoning them upon contact. Because Pyrethrum is a low-toxic insecticide, it has proven to be safe to use on humans and animals, and also birds suffering from a variety of conditions, including bird mite, feather lice and fleas. Since it is quickly broken down in the bodies of mammals and when exposed to sunlight or water, it is safe for use on birds and other animals. Pyrethrum can be found in aerosol foggers, head lice, pet flea sprays and bird mites.

Instructions

Pyrethrum Spray for Birds

1. Obtain African chrysanthemum flower heads immediately after harvest to retain the active ingredients, and dry the flower heads upside down for four to five days, or until they're completely dried.

2. Crush the dried flower heads into a fine powder.

3. Steep two good-sized handfuls of the flower powder in 1 liter of hot water for one hour.

4. Puree the mixture and pour it into a spray bottle.

5. Spray the mixture directly onto the entire bird, as well as the cage, perches and nest boxes, in order to kill mites, fleas and other pests, being careful to keep out of the bird's eyes. Repeat as necessary.

Tags: flower heads, Pyrethrum Spray, Pyrethrum Spray Birds, Spray Birds, African chrysanthemum

Remove Polish From An Aluminum Rim

Remove old polish from aluminum wheels to keep them bright and shiny.

Aluminum rims are an upgrade many car owners purchase for their vehicles. Aluminum rims weigh less than traditional steel wheels, and come in a variety of sizes and styles to fit almost any vehicle. A thin coat of polish is applied to aluminum rims before they leave the factory, which serves to protect them during transit. This polish is dull and should be removed before use to allow the full brilliance of your aluminum rims to shine through. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Lay the rim on a flat, stable work surface like your garage floor or driveway. The area should be dirt-free to prevent mud from accumulating on the rim as you work.

2. Add an ounce of soap to a bucket and fill with clean water. Dip a stiff scrub brush into the water and scrub the rim to remove dirt and grime. Rinse the rim with clean water.

3. Dampen a piece of 600-grit wet sandpaper with water and lightly rub the sandpaper over the surface of the rim in a circular motion. Press down gently as you sand, working the paper along the edges and into crevasses to remove all the old polish. If the sandpaper dries out, add a few drops of water to the surface of the rim.

4. Turn the wheel over and sand the underside of the rim to remove the rest of the polish. Areas free of polish will be bright and shiny, while areas not fully cleaned will be cloudy and opaque.

5. Rinse the wheel with plenty of clean water once the sanding process is complete. Allow the wheel to dry for a minimum of four hours, turning the rim on its side to allow water to drain and prevent rust from forming on the surface.

6. Coat a soft rag with liquid witch hazel and wipe down both sides of the rim. Witch hazel removes any lingering debris and restores shine. It is an astringent available at most drug stores, made from the leaves of the Hamamelis virginiana shrub.

Tags: clean water, bright shiny, with clean, with clean water

Evaporative Cooling Vs Air Conditioning

Two common ways to cool a building are to use air conditioning or to use evaporative cooling. Air conditioning uses a refrigerant compressed by a motor to transfer heat from the inside of the building to the outside. Evaporative cooling uses a fan blowing air through a moist mesh or pad to transfer heat energy from the air to the water in the mesh, by way of evaporation. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages to each system. Does this Spark an idea?

Design

An evaporative cooler needs power for the fan and water pump, and a bit of water. The standard air conditioning unit needs two fans (one to cool the unit, and the other to blow air across the cooling coils), a compressor motor, and often an evaporator or pump (to remove water that condenses on the outside of the coils).

Running Cost

Basically, an evaporative cooler costs the same as having a fish tank and a desk fan. A standard air conditioner has at least three motors, maybe four, and the compressor needs a bit more power as it deals with higher pressure. All things considered, running an evaporative cooler is about a third the cost of running an air conditioner.

Maintenance

The evaporative cooler requires a bit more regular maintenance than a standard air conditioner, as it needs to be cleaned to prevent mold buildup, and its pad needs to be replaced. An air conditioner could benefit from a new filter on a regular basis as well, but this is optional. Should the evaporative cooler break, its parts are relatively cheap and the system is easy to fix, since all that can break are the fan and the water pump, or maybe a switch or two. An air conditioning unit will often require calling in a professional, and a costly replacement part.

Results

An evaporative cooler does not deliver a consistent supply of cool air. It works most effectively in warm, dry climates. On the driest day it may reduce the temperature by 30º F. Since it relies on the evaporation of water, areas and seasons with higher humidity will not allow for as much cooling. The evaporative cooler also increases the humidity of the building it is used in, which may be undesirable as it could attract insects such as mosquitoes, or shorten the life of electronics. An air conditioning unit will keep you cool anywhere, in any season, with the capacity of lowering the temperature in a house by 50º F, or even much more, depending on the unit quality and the house's insulation. However, it will also dry out the air entering a building, which can be hard on the body, and the same air is circulated through the system repeatedly.

Types

There are three basic types of evaporative coolers, while there is one basic kind of air conditioner. Evaporative coolers are direct, indirect, and direct-indirect. Direct is the simplest, but creates the most humidity. Indirect intakes air from the outside, cools it, and uses that air to cool the air on the inside of the house without making contact with it. It does not produce humidity, but it also doesn't cool as effectively. Direct-indirect uses direct cooling to further cool the air after the indirect cooling cools it, which still produces humidity, but not as much as the direct method does. The standard air conditioner uses compressed, then decompressed gas to cool the air.

Tags: evaporative cooler, conditioning unit, standard conditioner, conditioning unit will, transfer heat

Decorating Ideas For An Outside Party

Outside parties are popular for birthdays, weddings, major holidays or just because, and a park or your backyard can be transformed into the ultimate party venue. Use your creativity to infuse color and personality into any outdoor space. Does this Spark an idea?

Tablecloths

Create a special look by sewing your own tablecloths. Visit your local fabric store or, if you're on a budget or want to be eco-friendly, make patchwork tablecloths from scraps of fabric you already have. Thrift stores are also great sources for fabric, with pieces selling for as little as 25 cents. Make cloth napkins with corresponding fabrics. When the party is over, throw them all in the washing machine and use them for everyday use or your next bash. If you're not handy with a sewing machine or don't have one, use seam tape to finish the edges of your tablecloths or napkins.

Another idea is to cover tables with white butcher paper and put out cups of markers or crayons. Your guests can decorate the tables and write messages you can read while you're cleaning up.

Paper Lanterns

Paper lanterns are available in an array of colors and patterns and are a quick and easy decoration for outdoor parties. Hang them from the trees or use clothesline. Paper lanterns are pretty during the daytime, or you can get the kind with lights in them if your outdoor party is at night. Get them in all different colors or choose one or two colors for a classier look.

Garlands

You can make garland from fabric scraps, paper, flowers, eucalyptus leaves--almost anything pretty and festive you can imagine. These kinds of decorations also work for an indoor party, but they look their best when draped from trees (see Resources section).

Tags: from trees, Paper lanterns, your tablecloths

Prevent Mosquitoes From Breeding In A Fountain

Fountains add beauty but can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes.

Mosquitoes breed in areas of low-lying standing water. A fountain is prime location for mosquitoes to lay eggs and larvae to hatch, allowing infestations to grow larger. Because mosquitoes are disease carriers, it's important to prevent the insects from breeding in a fountain. A combination of commercial and home remedies allows you to enjoy your fountain without playing a part in the multiplication of these tiny pests. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Rinse out the fountain in your yard every two or three days to prevent mosquitoes from laying eggs. Aim the water flow from a hose into the fountain and allow the water to overflow and flush out the old water. Continue this for a few minutes and fill the fountain with fresh water.

2. Vegetable oil keeps female mosquitoes from laying eggs in fountain water.

Add vegetable oil to the fountain water. Use enough so you can see the oil beads on the surface of the water. Oil in the water prevents mosquitoes from laying eggs and any larvae already in the water cannot break through the oily surface.

3. Sprinkle Bti- or methoprene-based larvacide in the fountain. Follow the directions on the packaging. Any larvae remaining in the fountain water will be killed, which interrupts the mosquitoes' ability to multiply.

Tags: fountain water, from laying, from laying eggs, laying eggs, mosquitoes from, mosquitoes from laying, eggs larvae

Coastal Plain Law Enforcement Training

Police officers in eastern North Carolina are trained at the Coastal PLain Law Enforcement Academy.

Law enforcement officers in eastern North Carolina are trained at the Coastal Plain Law Enforcement Academy, founded in 1967. The academy is located at Wilson Community College in Wilson, N.C., and offers both a basic law enforcement training course for new recruits and in-service training for veteran law enforcement officers.

Requirements for Basic Law Enforcement Training Academy

The 654-hour Basic Law Enforcement Training Academy takes place over 17 weeks and prepares recruits for the comprehensive North Carolina certification examination. Candidates for the BLET course must be North Carolina residents at least 20 years old, demonstrate reading proficiency, be physically fit, and be sponsored by a local police department.

Basic Law Enforcement Training

Students at the BLET academy are trained in basic police procedure and firearms, and for the physical demands of being a police officer. According to the academy, 99 percent of graduates pass the state certification exam, and 100 percent of graduates are employed after graduation.

In-Service Training

For experienced officers, the training academy offers continuing education certificates in criminal investigation, law enforcement management, law enforcement tactical specialist and traffic enforcement specialist. In addition, local law enforcement agencies can schedule training in specific topics, such as case management or narcotics, to provide education to their officers.

Tags: Enforcement Training, North Carolina, Basic Enforcement, Basic Enforcement Training, Carolina trained, Carolina trained Coastal

Bushnell 6500 Specs

The Elite Bushnell 6500 scope is an enhancement that attaches to a gun. The purpose of the Elite Bushnell 6500 is to enlarge objects in your scope that are far away, provide sunshade, protection from wind and fog, and generally improve the hunting experience. Specifications for the Bushnell 6500 identify the type of scope and details for the scope that you need to know before purchasing it. Does this Spark an idea?

The Magnification

The Bushnell 6500 scope magnifies the view 2.5 times through 16 times. This allows you to view your target up close when you are not near the animal.

The Objective Lens Diameter

The objective lens diameter is the measurement of the circular section of the lens. The objective lens diameter of a Bushnell 6500 is 42 mm.

The Length and the Weight

The length or the measurement of the longest section of the Bushnell 6500 is 13.5 inches. The Bushnell 6500 weighs 17.3 ounces.

The Field of View at 100 Yards

The field of view is the distance and quality of view that the Bushnell 6500 can produce 100 yards away from your target. The field of view at 41 inches is 2.5x and 6.55 inches at 16x. The inches are settings that you can select on the scope. This means that you can accurately view objects at 100 yards while magnifying the view 2.5x at 41 inches through 16x at 6.55 inches.

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Bug Spray For Tomato Plants

Numerous commercial and homemade organic bug sprays are effective in controlling insect pests.

Although tomato plants are easy to grow even for beginning gardeners, you should recognize the signs of insect infestation before your crop is destroyed. Numerous commercial and homemade organic bug sprays, called insecticides, are effective in controlling insect pests. Does this Spark an idea?

Signs of Insect Infestation

It is essential that gardeners recognize the signs of an insect infestation so that tomato plants can be treated with an appropriate insecticide. For example, varieties of tomato worms and leafminers bore into tomato fruit and mine the plant leaves, as evidenced by telltale serpentine patterns on leaves, and beetles and hornworms are chewing pests that create holes in leaves.

Homemade Organic and Commercial Options

Several organic bug sprays can be made at home using common household ingredients, such as water mixed with garlic, hot chili peppers, canola or olive oil and biodegradable liquid soap. If using a commercial insecticide, such as abamectin or spinosad, follow directions carefully, particularly information related to personal and environmental safety.

Application Tips

When applying insecticide to tomato plants, be sure to spray the undersides of leaves, which is where many insects hide and lay their eggs. Bug sprays will need to be reapplied after rain. If using a homemade garlic or chili spray, remember to wash tomatoes thoroughly before using in food preparation.

Tags: organic sprays, commercial homemade, commercial homemade organic, controlling insect, controlling insect pests, effective controlling, effective controlling insect

Heal A Spider Bite

Brown Recluse Spider

Spiders are everywhere, knowing treat a spider bite is valuable information. When Spiders bite their prey they inject digestive enzymes or stomach acids into the prey and wait until the acids have dissolved the tissues before sucking up the juices. Curing such bites is really quite easy.

Instructions

1. Identify the spider and the bite. If you notice that there appears to be a hole forming in your skin with some redness and swelling, there is a good chance you have been bit by a spider. Try to identify the spider if you can. Wash the wound with warm soap and water.

2. Spider bites primarily contain acid and insect toxins are acidic. And what is the best way to neutralize an acid? Do you remember your basic chemistry class? When faced with acid spills it was always important to have an alkaline base like Baking Soda, on hand. Make a paste with the baking soda. In a glass mix about a tablespoon of baking soda with just enough water to form a paste.

3. Apply the baking soda paste to the wound. If you have the time, allow the paste to dry, it will absorb toxins from the wound as well. When it dries, brush off the baking soda and reapply some more. Repeat three or more times. If you don't have time, cover the paste with loose gauze and secure with athletic tape. Continue the baking soda therapy for as many days as necessary. I have cured spider bites within days with this treatment.

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Do Cotton Balls With Peppermint Oil Repel Mice

Mice can be difficult to eliminate humanely.

If you're looking for a humane method to discourage mice from infiltrating your home, you may want to give peppermint oil a try. Mice are naturally repelled by the scent of peppermint oil -- it simply isn't a scent that appeals to their strong sense of smell. Peppermint oil is easy to administer using cheap and widely available cotton balls. It's important to select a high-quality and pure grade of peppermint oil for best results. Does this Spark an idea?

Type of Peppermint Oil

Peppermint oil is not poisonous to mice, so when using peppermint oil it's important to be aware that it is only a repellent, not a rodent poison. Peppermint extracts and essences that are suitable for cooking are not effective when used as a mouse repellent. These varieties of peppermint oil are diluted with alcohol or water, making their scent less strong, and sometimes the peppermint is artificial. Use 100-percent natural and pure peppermint oil instead. You can find pure peppermint oil at health food stores and at retailers that sell supplies for massage and aromatherapy, but it is more expensive than common cooking peppermint oil.

Administer Peppermint Oil

Dampen cotton balls with the pure, natural peppermint oil, and place them wherever you want to keep mouse-free -- in cutlery drawers, kitchen cabinets, utensil containers and dresser drawers, for example. You may also want to place several peppermint oil-dampened cotton balls in or near points of entry for the mice in your home. Look for cracks and holes in your walls and doorways. Fill the holes with steel wool, available at most grocery stores, and include a few peppermint oil-dampened cotton balls to discourage mice from returning. It's not necessary to soak the cotton balls with peppermint oil, which can be messy and create an overwhelming scent. Refresh the cotton balls every few days with more peppermint oil, as they dry out.

Homemade Peppermint Oil

Peppermint oil can be expensive to procure, so consider mixing your own peppermint concoction instead. You can grow peppermint fairly easily -- in fact, the plant can be highly invasive, so unless you keep it contained in an area of your garden, it can take over other areas of soil. You can also grow peppermint indoors in a planter. Peppermint is a low-maintenance plant that thrives on windowsills where it can easily access light. Keep the soil moist -- neither too wet nor too dry. By very finely grinding the peppermint leaves with a mortar and pestle or food processor, you can make a peppermint paste in which to dip your cotton balls. The paste can also be spread on dry Popsicle sticks or tongue depressors and placed around your home.

Advantages of Peppermint Oil

Peppermint oil can be used as a means to repel mice from moving in without having to resort to inhumane measures, such as mouse traps, glue traps and exterminators. In homes with small children and other animals, peppermint oil can be an effective way to repel mice without posing a poisonous hazard to wandering fingers and curious critters. You also won't have to tackle the unsavory task of removing mouse carcasses from your home if they ingest the peppermint oil or paste -- the mice will simply decide to seek shelter somewhere else.

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Pest Control For Tomato Plants

Tomatoes are popular with home gardeners and insects.

Today's home gardener has plenty of options when it comes to growing tomato plants. There are also a variety of ways to prevent pests from infecting those plants, including organic pest control methods. Does this Spark an idea?

Garden Cleanup

It's important to plant tomatoes in a clean environment, which means using clean potting soil and clearing the garden of any plant or animal debris before planting. This will help keep bugs such as flea beetles away from tomatoes.

Organic Insecticide

When planting a tomato plant, or as the tomato leaves grow, apply a thin layer of organic insect killer. Natural citrus-based insecticides will kill off most pests on tomatoes. Do this repeatedly (about once a week) throughout the months before the tomatoes are ready.

Aphid Solutions

For aphids, a common tomato pest, set out yellow sticky traps or yellow dishes that contain soapy water. Mint tea spray is also effective. Lacewings are beneficial insects that are useful in gardens to destroy aphids.

Companion Gardening

Insects often prefer some plants to others. Plant mustard or radishes near tomatoes to draw the bugs away from new tomato plants. The bugs will feast on the other plants, giving the tomatoes a chance to grow.

Chemical Pest Control

If other methods have not stopped pests from attacking the tomato plants, turn to chemical sprays. Look for sprays that target specific pests rather than ones that kill all insects, because plants need good insects.

Tags: away from, Pest Control, pests from, tomato plants

Decide What To Do To Fix A Failed Window Seal

Decide What to do to Fix a Failed Window Seal

You will know you have a failed window seal when your window is cloudy. Although it is not a serious problem, it is unsightly. This type of window is double paned or triple paned and sealed to keep moisture out. They are great for insulation purposes. When the seal is broken and moisture builds up between the panes you have three options. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. You can have the entire window unit replaced. You can do this yourself or call a window company. If you are a DIYer you will find windows are not difficult to replace. At the end of this article I will include links to window replacement instructions. If you hire someone to do it for you, be sure and get several quotes and references and hire a trustworthy contractor.

2. Your second option is to replace just the glass and have it re-glazed. This is less expensive but may require a bit of effort to find a person to do the re-glazing. Home Depot has a window replacement service and they may be able to give you instructions on to do it yourself too.

3. A third alternative is to use a company such as Crystal Clear Window that will actually repair your existing window. They have equipment to clear out the moisture in your window and repair the seal. These companies are fairly new and may be available in your location. Search online for one in your area.

Tags: Decide What, Decide What Failed, Failed Window, What Failed, What Failed Window, window replacement

Packing List For An Outside Band Performance

The mosquito is just one irritation to the outdoor musician.

Playing music outdoors can be lots of fun and an exciting spectacle for the outdoor audience. Alternatively, it can be a total disaster involving instruments spoiled by rain, sheet music blown away by wind, musicians sunburned to a crisp and devoured by mosquitoes. Preparing a list of items to take with you on your outdoor gig can prevent some of the worst musical disasters.

Sunscreen

If you'll be playing outside in direct sun, sunscreen is a must even if the air temperature isn't particularly high. Marching bands, in particular, typically spend most of the day playing instruments outside during summer rehearsals --- high-SPF, sweat-proof sunscreen is a must. Players of woodwind and brass instruments should also take a sun-protective lip balm to protect their lips during the rehearsal and performance.

Sunglasses

As well as protecting your eyes from sun damage, sunglasses will allow you to see and read your sheet music even when the sun is glaring. If you play in a conducted ensemble, sunglasses will also help you see the conductor of your band when she is standing in sunlight.

Clothes Pegs

Clothes pegs are necessary for any outdoor gig where you use sheet music. Even if the weather isn't particularly windy, gusts of wind are likely to blow unsecured sheet music off your stand. Peg all four corners of your music to the stand and devise a strategy for turning pages and re-pegging them if necessary during the performance.

Water

Playing an instrument --- particularly one such as a trumpet, which is played with your mouth and lungs --- can be a dehydrating experience. Add the elements of high temperatures or strong sun and you're likely to quickly dehydrate during an outdoor gig. Have plenty of bottled water available during the rehearsal and performance.

Mosquito Repellent

As you play your instrument at an outdoor concert, your hands are occupied with instrument valves or drumsticks. Thus, you become a sitting target for mosquitoes. Take mosquito repellent to the gig with you. If you're playing during mosquito season, apply the repellent liberally to all exposed areas of skin before performing. There are few things more distracting during performance than having a cloud of local mosquitoes decide you represent an all-you-can-eat buffet.

Tags: sheet music, during performance, during rehearsal, during rehearsal performance, rehearsal performance, sunglasses will, sunscreen must

Directions For Using Sevin Bug Killer

Use Sevin concentrate to kill insects.

Insects and other pests can make the joys of gardening less than joyful. A number of commercial products are available that you can use to prevent these unwanted garden visitors. One such product is called Sevin, an insecticide. The concentrated version of this product, for example, is effective at killing insects in larger gardens and is safe enough for use around delicate fruits. Knowing the proper directions for Sevin bug killer use will help ensure the effectiveness of the product. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Mix the Sevin mixture according to recommend concentrations. Different plants can handle different amounts of insecticide without damage. The bottle of concentrate will have a chart that helps you determine the appropriate water-to-concentrate ratio.

2. Shake the container to mix it thoroughly. Remove the storage cap and place the sprayer into the bottle. Pump the handle on the sprayer five to ten times to concentrate pressure inside the container.

3. Point the sprayer at the intended plants in the garden and pull the trigger to spray it. Start at the farthest end of the garden and work to the other end. While the treated areas are wet, avoid physical contact with them. Repump the handle as necessary to restore the pressure for proper spraying. You will know it is time to pump again when the spray stops coming out. Allow the treatment to dry completely before reentering that part of the garden.

4. Repeat treatments weekly until the pest problem is gone. When you repeat treatments, mix the concentrate the same way you did previously. Pump the handle and spray again.

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Control Flies On Your Deck

Flies on the deck can ruin your time outside.

Flies on your deck can ruin outdoor entertaining and relaxation. At best, the insects annoy humans by landing on food, flying around their heads and buzzing audibly. At worst, they cause irritation and occasionally transmit disease through their bites. Long-term fly control requires good sanitation on the deck and in the surrounding yard. You can control flies in the short term with natural insect repellent products. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Eliminate insect breeding grounds in your yard. Mosquitoes, as well as sand flies, horseflies, black flies and deer flies, breed in stagnant water and piles of moist, rotting debris. Dump any containers with standing water, and regularly irrigate and rake your yard to eliminate puddles and soggy debris. Unclog your rain gutters and change the water in your pet bowls and birdbaths daily. If you have stables, clean them every day to eliminate manure, where stable flies breed.

2. Eliminate fly food sources on and around your deck. Keep trash and recycling indoors or secured in garbage cans or recycling bins with airtight lids. Keep your compost bin tightly lidded, and clean up and dispose of pet droppings as soon as possible. If you barbecue on your deck, clean the grill after use and keep a lid on it.

3. Light multiple citronella candles on every table on the deck. Citronella candles keep most flies and mosquitoes away. They are most effective when placed away from the wind and within several feet of humans.

4. Apply insect repellent on all exposed areas of skin when spending time outdoors. Use an insect repellent product made with natural essential oils, labeled for use against flies. Although DEET is an effective repellent, it is known to be toxic to young children.

Tags: insect repellent, deck ruin, flies breed, with natural, your deck, your yard

Build Home Waterfalls

A backyard waterfall adds life, motion and sound to the garden.

A waterfall in the home landscape can add soothing sound, natural beauty and friendly habitat for birds, amphibians and other wildlife. Backyard waterfalls come in all sizes from a simple rock structure that empties into a small pond, to a series of cascades that flow from one pond to another. The main elements include the pool that receives the water, the source or beginning of the waterfall and a pump that recirculates water between the two. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Choose your site. Select an area with an existing grade change or plan to create grade changes through your excavation. Locate your waterfall near a patio or another spot where you can enjoy its beauty and sound. The waterfall should also be close enough to an electrical source for the pump. Mark out the area for the waterfall and receiving pond with stakes and string.

2. Choose a pond liner. Rigid preformed pond liners come in many shapes and sizes. Some actually include built-in waterfalls. Flexible pond liner allows you to create your own shape and contours.

3. Dig a pool to receive the water and excavate the channel where the water will flow. If you are using a preformed liner, match the depth of your excavation to the liner. If you are using flexible liner, dig at least 18 inches deep.

4. Prepare the bed. Remove any rocks and tamp the soil firmly using a hand tamper. A 1-inch layer of sand, cardboard, newspaper or another cushioning material will provide extra protection underneath your liner.

5. Install the liner. If using a rigid liner, place it in the prepared bed. If you are using flexible liner lay it in the hole and into the channel where water will flow. Allow it to form into the shape of the receiving pool and water course. Use large rocks along the edge of the liner to hold it in place. You may need to use more than one piece of flexible liner. If so, overlap the pieces by at least 6 inches.

6. Lay the stones. Cover the entire liner with stones using larger stones along the vertical sides of the receiving pool and channel. Lay river rock or cobble along the bottom of the pool and channel. If desired, build a structure of several large rocks for the beginning of the falls. Choose large flat rocks for the spillway, the area where the water will drop.

7. Check your work. Use a hose to run water from the beginning of the falls to the end. Make sure the water is flowing where desired and make any necessary adjustments.

8. Install the pump and tubing. Use tubing long enough to accommodate the entire water course and attach it to the pump. Place the pump in the receiving pool. Run the tubing along the outside of the water course and insert the end under one of the rocks at the beginning of the fall. Fill the receiving pond with water, turn on the pump. Bury the tubing and enjoy your new falls.

Tags: flexible liner, receiving pool, water course, water will, where water, where water will, beginning falls

Patch An Ice Shelter

Ice shelters keep you warm when ice fishing and can be stowed away easily when not in use just like a tent.. If an ice shelter tears, the wind will continue to widen the tear until it becomes impossible to patch, so it is important to get patched as soon as possible. Patch kits come in various colors and sizes. An outdoor-supply center such as REI, Sportsman's Warehouse or other specialty store carry patch kits. If you cannot find a kit, you will still need a patch. Most of the other items you may need are typical ones found around your home.

Instructions

1. Pour the rubbing alcohol on your washcloth. Wash the area around the tear thoroughly with the alcohol by rubbing gently around the the tear. Wash both the outside and inside of the shelter around the tear.

2. Stretch the shelter carefully to line up the tear by laying the ice shelter over the side of the table. Clamp it to the table using a clothespin. Allow the alcohol to dry for about an hour. Rubbing alcohol evaporates quickly in a dryer climate but may take an hour in high humidity.

3. Place one patch on the inside of the tear. Line up the other patch to cover the outside of the tear and press the patches firmly together. After an hour your ice shelter will be ready for use again.

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